“…Aggresomes have been found to contain not only poly-ubiquitinated protein, but also several chaperones, especially HSPs, which are known to be upregulated in cells as a first line of defense against proteotoxic stress [169]. The AAA-ATPase VCP/p97 facilitates the extraction of unfolded proteins from the ER during ERAD, and then further controls the transport of these proteins towards the proteasome [162].…”