The zootype and the phylotypic stage

Slack, Jonathan; Holland, Peter W.H.; Graham, Chris

doi:10.1038/361490a0

Cited by 636 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Embryos sampled here were in the phylotypic developmental stage corresponding to the pharyngula period in Danio rerio development (Kimmel et al, 1995). During this highly conserved stage of development, individuals are expected be more similar to each other than during any earlier or later developmental periods (Slack et al, 1993). This observation has frequently been made even for highly divergent taxa and should also apply for gene expression differences (Irie and SeharaFujisawa, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…At this stage, embryos have developed into the pharyngula period, which corresponds to the phylotypic stage (cf. Danio rerio developmental staging in Slack et al, 1993;Kimmel et al, 1995). Nearly all normal and dwarf embryos showed the same developmental phenotype, and only six embryos out of 104 (5.8%) assessed for developmental characteristics were abnormally developing in these pure crosses.…”

Section: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Transcriptome-wide signature of hybrid breakdown associated with intrinsic reproductive isolation in lake whitefish species pairs (Coregonus spp. Salmonidae)

Renaut

Bernatchez

2010

Heredity

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

Transcriptome-wide signature of hybrid breakdown associated with intrinsic reproductive isolation in lake whitefish species pairs (Coregonus spp. Salmonidae)

Renaut

Bernatchez

2010

Heredity

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“…Slack et al (1993) made the intriguing observation that the most conserved developmental stage within vertebrates is also the stage during which the Hox genes are sequentially activated in the order that they have in the Hox cluster on the chromosomes (temporal and spatial colinearity). Comparison with other taxa suggests that this sequential gene expression is a highly conserved plesiomorph character (McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992;Kourakis et al, 1997;Brooke et al, 1998).…”

Section: Differential Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: On modularity and evolutionary conservation

2001

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The phylotypic stage is the developmental stage at which vertebrates most resemble each other. In this study we test the plausibility of the hypotheses of Sander [1983, Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press] and Raff [1994, Early Life on Earth, Columbia University Press; 1996, The Shape of Life, University of Chicago Press] that the phylotypic stage is conserved due to the intense and global interactivity occurring during that stage. First, we test the prediction that the phylotypic stage is much more vulnerable than any other stage. A search of the teratological literature shows that disturbances at this stage lead to a much higher mortality than in other stages, in accordance with the prediction. Second, we test whether that vulnerability is indeed caused by the interactiveness and lack of modularity of the inductions or, alternatively, is caused by some particularly vulnerable process going on at that time. From the pattern of multiple induced anomalies we conclude that it is indeed the interactiveness that is the root cause of the vulnerability. Together these results support the hypotheses of Sander and Raff. We end by presenting an argument on why the absence of modularity in the inductive interactions may also be the root cause of the conservation of the much discussed temporal and spatial colinearity of the Hox genes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:195–204, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…The nervous system is found dorsally and intestine ventrally. Zebrafish embryos, during the so-called "phylotypic stage" (Slack et al 1993), use the same developmental pattern as human embryos, involving the colinear activation with time and space of Hox gene expressions to build axial structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Model Organisms in Neurosciences: The Genome-Editing Revolution

Joly¹

2017

Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences

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The use of aquatic model organisms has been greatly diversified in laboratories. Zebrafish is the most advanced aquatic species for the use of Crispr-Cas9 in laboratories. Because of the simplicity and broad applicability of this later system, knock-out is now efficiently performed at medium scale. Forward genetics in zebrafish can now be performed by CRISPR-based F0 screening using high speed and high content phenotyping for example by confocal imaging. As zebrafish, marine model organisms have the prominent advantage to be transparent, all the more at young stages (embryos and larvae) or when fixed samples are cleared by novel methods. The Cripsr-Cas9 system is routinely used in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. It also starts to be used in many other marine models, such as the medusa Clythia hemispherica. We provide at the end of this review a list of aquatic model species and some examples of questions on the origin of our nervous system that can be coped with these models, where the possibility to perform genome editing would constitute a major advance.

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The zootype and the phylotypic stage

Abstract: What is it that defines an animal? The definition provided here, made on the basis of developmental biology, suggests methods for resolving phylogenetic problems.

Cited by 636 publications

References 29 publications

Transcriptome-wide signature of hybrid breakdown associated with intrinsic reproductive isolation in lake whitefish species pairs (Coregonus spp. Salmonidae)

Transcriptome-wide signature of hybrid breakdown associated with intrinsic reproductive isolation in lake whitefish species pairs (Coregonus spp. Salmonidae)

Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: On modularity and evolutionary conservation

Aquatic Model Organisms in Neurosciences: The Genome-Editing Revolution

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