Novel gadolinium calcium aluminum oxynitrides, Gd 1+x Ca 1-x AlO 4-x N x , were prepared in x = 0.15-0.25 by the solid state reaction of a nitrogen-rich mixture with AlN as an aluminum source; the mixture was sintered twice at 1500C for 5 h under 0.5 MPa of nitrogen gas. Shift in the optical absorption edge was observed in their diffuse reflectance spectra from 4.4 eV for the oxide (x = 0) to 2.9 eV for the oxynitride at x = 0.2. The crystal structure of Gd 1.2 Ca 0.8 AlO 3.8 N 0.2 at x = 0.2 was refined using a synchrotron x-ray diffraction data as a layered K 2 NiF 4 -type structure with the I4mm space group. Longer Al-O/N bond lengths in the oxynitride than those in GdCaAlO 4 suggest that the nitride ions are in the apical site of aluminum polyhedron, similar to those in Nd 2 AlO 3 N.