The Yin and the Yang of Hemostasis in End-Stage Liver Disease

Abstract

Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing liver transplantation (LT) are prone to thromboses both while on the waiting list and in the perioperative period. This hypercoagulability is associated with significant endothelial dysfunction (ED) due to nitric oxide dysregulation. ED and increased thrombin generation are the main factors responsible for this hypercoagulability. Sepsis alone can significantly alter a patient’s coagulation profile. In combination with ESLD, however, sepsis or septic shock are responsible for very complex changes. This makes both the assessment and management of coagulation in septic patients with ESLD very challenging. Viscoelastic testing (VET) is the preferred method of coagulation management in patients with cirrhosis because, as with standard laboratory testing, VET can assess the entire coagulation system including the interaction between both pro- and anticoagulants and platelets.

Navigating the Labyrinth: Intensive Care Challenges for Patients with Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

“…It has been demonstrated that in the population of hospitalized patients with CLD who have been acutely decompensated, thrombin generation (TG) is significantly increased, which significantly increases the risk of thromboses. This is even more pronounced in patients with ACLF [92]. However, significant fibrinolysis driven by sepsis-related organ failure in patients with ACLF might balance this prothrombotic effect [93].…”

Comment on Saner et al. The Yin and the Yang of Hemostasis in End-Stage Liver Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5759

“…We congratulate you on a quality review of the article on hemostasis in end-stage liver disease by Saner FH et al [ 1 ]. Early in the article, the authors focus on the fact that many patients with end-stage liver disease have a tendency for thrombosis and hypercoagulability.…”