The Yeast-Like Fungi: Candida and Brettanomyces

Abstract

names which we do not accept and have been corrected in accordance with the common interpretation of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, the latter by Buchwald (26), the former by the author" (253). Henrici (111) called attention to the fact that the primary division of yeasts which produce mycelium from those which do not is one that is difficult to make in practice. Most yeasts, if they are studied sufficiently, will be found to produce pseudomycelium or sometime possibly even true mycelium. There are all gradations between no pseudomycelium at all and a pseudomycelium so well developed that it can hardly be differentiated from true mycelium except by following through its formation as it develops in the microscopic field. Stelling-Dekker avoided this difficulty by classifying together ascosporogenous yeasts with and without mycelium. Lodder chose to divide the Cryptococcaceae (Torulopsidaceae) into two subfamilies on this basis. Frankly, the author does not like this division but must confess that he cannot suggest a better one. It is evident that this has given Diddens and Lodder some difficulty also. Diddens and Lodder's subdivision of the Candidoideae into only three genera is both logical and convenient. It is made on the basis of the type of thallospores produced, blastospores or arthrospores. Forms which produce blastospores only are put in the genus Candida or the genus BreUanomyces, those which produce both blastospores and arthrospores are put in the genus Trichosporon, those which produce arthrospores but not blastospores are excluded from the family. These include such organisms as Geotrichum candidum (Oidium lactia). OLD AND RECENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CANDIDA Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout is not only the type species of the genus but it is the outstanding species in importance and interest. The confusion in the nomenclature of this species may be appreciated from the fact that Ciferri, Redaelli and Cavallero (52) in 1938 found 45 different binomial synonyms, Diddens and Lodder in 1942 (69) cite 87, and Conant and associates, in 1944 (56) state that there are 172 in the literature! It was just 100 years ago, in 1847, that Robin first described a species 1947] 23

Microbial acidification, alcoholization, and aroma production during spontaneous lambic beer production

“…15 Carbohydrate metabolism Brettanomyces species display a negative Pasteur effect, also called the Custer effect, fermenting glucose to ethanol more rapidly when oxygen is available. [118][119][120][121][122][123] Subsequently, when Brettanomyces species are introduced from an aerobic environment into an anaerobic environment, glycolysis is temporarily static, introducing a transient lag phase before the slow fermentation of glucose resumes. 37,122 The mechanisms behind the Custer effect are not yet completely unraveled, but the consensus hypothesis states that the effect is created through the continuous drainage of NAD + via the irreversible conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid (using a NAD + -dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase; Fig.…”

Geotrichosis Presenting As Funguria and Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in a Patient with Renal Cyst

“…Yeast and yeast-like fungi are a versatile group of microorganisms which consists of several genera like the Candida, Geotrichum (G.), Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Malassezia, and Cryptococcus [13,14]. They are present in the environment as saprophytes, and as commensals in humans/animals.…”

“…Therefore, Geotrichum spp. are called imperfect fungi and are placed in the class Fungi Imperfecti [14]. The microscopic appearance of Geotrichum differentiates it from the other common yeasts ( Candida) owing to the presence of long filamentous, branching structures with septa, which later break off to form arthroconidia [1].…”

Nutrition of systemic and subcutaneous pathogenic fungi.

“…Extensive investigations have been concerned with those factors which influence yeast (Y) form, pseudohyphae, and chlamydospore development in yeastlike fungi, including C. albicans. No attempt has been made here to cover the literature in this area since there are many fine reviews on dimorphism (25,63,65,69,70,93,100,101,107), including the more recent reviews by Skinner and Fletcher in 1960 (101) and Nickerson in 1963 (65).…”