“…Non-intubated anesthesia is well-described for thoracic procedures, including lung biopsies, lung volume reduction surgeries, anatomic lung resections, and even tracheal resections and tracheoplasty, as well as sleeve resections. Prior study has indicated, on the pathophysiological aspect, that it is likely to maintain not only a reduction in inflammatory markers, including lower white blood cell counts, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, and higher lymphocyte and natural killer cells, but a lower level of biomarkers of adrenal stress like fibrinogen and cortisol ( 2 ). Our team have previously reported the efficacy of non-intubated VATS and RATS ( 3 , 4 ), which simplified procedures without the interference of endotracheal tubing, reduced the unstable SpO 2 during the operations, allowed for better surgical fields for airway/vascular anastomosis, and reduced perioperative complications and shortened hospital stay.…”