The Xitieshan volcanic sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposit, North Qaidam, China: Geology, structural deformation and geochronology

Fu, Jiangang; Liang, Xinmiao; Zhou, Yun; Jiang, Ying; Dong, Chaoge

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.08.027

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Together with post‐subduction extension, a magma chamber that was formed by remelting of water‐rich oceanic crust produced a large amount of gas and liquid, favouring the occurrence of volcanic eruptions (Dong et al, , ). In this environment, continuously upwelling hydrothermal fluids, mixing with cold seawater resulted in rapid accumulation of silica, baryte, and Fe oxides on the seafloor to form layered consolidated crusts and play a shielding role, which prevented seawater from mixing with the rising hydrothermal solution (Fu et al, ; Li et al, ). As magmatic hydrothermal fluids moved upward through fissures, they transported large amounts of ore‐forming materials and promoted a reducing environment, resulting in the gradual transformation of S into S 2− .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This belt contains more than 150 deposits of various types, of which volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits are important (Lehmann et al, ; Li, Deng, Wang, & Liang, ). Examples of VMS deposits in the belt are the Baiyinchang Cu ─ Pb (Dong et al, ), Gadaban Zn ─ Pb ─ Cu (Guo & Wang, ), Xitieshan Pb ─ Zn (Fu et al, ), and Kaladaban Pb ─ Zn deposits. The rich mineral resources of the region mean that it is important to identify and understand the early Palaeozoic tectonic setting of the Altyn Tagh Belt (Chen et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isotopic (H─O─S─Pb) geochemistry and zircon U─Pb geochronology of the Kaladaban Pb─Zn deposit, in Xinjiang, NW China

Jia

et al. 2020

Geological Journal

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The Kaladaban Pb─Zn─Cu volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit (VMS), located within the Altyn region of Xinjiang in NW China, is an economically significant deposit with known reserves of 414,400 t Zn with a grade of 4.14%, 265,200 t Pb with a grade of 2.52%, and 149,200 t Cu with a grade of 1.10%. The mineralization is hosted in basalt, rhyolite, and rhyolite porphyry, with the latter two rock types yielding zircon U─Pb ages of 516 and 505 Ma, respectively, representing the timing of crystallization. Samples of the host volcanic rocks show fractionated rare‐earth element (REE) patterns and enrichment in both large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g., Ba, Rb, U, and light REEs) and high‐field‐strength elements (e.g., Th, Hf, and Zr). These features are similar to those of oceanic island basalt. δ18O values of ore fluids from quartz in orebodies range from +8.1‰ to +13.4‰, and fluid δ18Dwater values vary from −68.5‰ to −99.1‰, indicating a mixture of magmatic hydrothermal and seawater. δ34S values range from +8.5‰ to +14.9‰, suggesting that S that in the Kaladaban ore minerals had a mixed origin of magmatic hydrothermal fluids and sulphate‐reduced seawater. Ratios of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb from metal minerals in Kaladaban deposit are 18.513–18.740, 15.633–15.727, and 38.236–38.398, respectively, indicating extremely radiogenic characteristics, similar to the host volcanic rocks. We infer that the Kaladaban Pb─Zn deposit formed in an active continental margin setting related to southward subduction of the North Altyn oceanic crust during the early Palaeozoic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic (H─O─S─Pb) geochemistry and zircon U─Pb geochronology of the Kaladaban Pb─Zn deposit, in Xinjiang, NW China

Jia

et al. 2020

Geological Journal

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“…These rocks include basic‐felsic volcanic rocks (basalt, andesite, and dacite) and sedimentary rocks (tuff, chert, limestone, conglomerate, and sandstone) (Chen et al., 2022; Fu et al., 2022a; Shi et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2019). Geochemical and geochronological results suggest that volcanic rocks within the Tanjianshan Group have multiple origins and may have formed in different tectonic settings, including mid‐ocean ridge (Lai et al., 1996), plume‐related environment (Lai et al., 1996), continental island arc (Shi et al., 2004), and backarc basin (Fu et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2015). Thus, the Tanjianshan Group presents an ideal opportunity to look for arc‐related volcanic rocks and evidence of subduction processes associated with the Proto‐Tethys Ocean.…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subduction Within the Proto‐Tethys Ocean Revealed by Recognition of the Earliest Phanerozoic Intra‐Oceanic Arc, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Fu,

Yan,

Aitchison

et al. 2024

Earth and Space Science

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The possibility that the Proto‐Tethys Ocean may have undergone intra‐oceanic subduction during ocean closure remains poorly constrained due to a lack of geological evidence for a mature intra‐oceanic arc. Here we present new geochemical and geochronological data for potential arc‐related volcanic rocks adjacent to the accretionary complex and forearc basin in the North Qaidam collisional belt, northern Tibetan Plateau. The volcanic rocks are dominated by foliated basalt, andesite, tuff, and minor dacite with zircon U‐Pb ages ranging from 517 to 497 Ma. They show distinctive geochemical characteristics and can be subdivided into three groups: island‐arc intermediate‐basic volcanic rocks, back‐arc basin basalts (BABB), and dacites with intra‐oceanic arc affinity. The island‐arc volcanic rocks have variable εNd(t) values (+1.6 to +7.5) that decrease northward and were generated by partial melting of depleted mantle wedge modified by hydrous fluid and sediment melt. The BABBs have high εNd(t) values (+5.3 to +6.6) and formed through the melting of MORB‐like mantle, whereas the nearby dacites have positive εNd(t) values (+1.9 to +3.6) similar to the surrounding island‐arc volcanic rocks and were derived from partial melting of intra‐oceanic arc crust as a result of BABB underplating. Integrated analysis of the spatial‐temporal distribution of these volcanic rocks and the reconstructed intra‐oceanic arc‐trench system confirms the existence of the earliest Phanerozoic intra‐oceanic arc formed in response to north‐directed intra‐oceanic subduction. This unrecognized subduction of the Proto‐Tethys Ocean in the North Qaidam belt initiated at ca. 530 Ma, matured ca. 520 Ma, and terminated by ca. 480 Ma.

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“…Preliminary research indicates that this unit exhibits significant petrological and geochemical differences between the lower (Formations a and b) and upper (Formation d) volcanic cycles: The lower cycle displays island‐arc characteristics, whereas the upper cycle shows a back‐arc to ocean‐ridge affinity (Shi, Yang, Wu, Iizuka, & Hirata, ; Sun et al, ; Wang et al, ). In addition, studies of Tanjianshan Group‐housed exhalative ore deposits (e.g., Xitieshan Pb–Zn deposit) also indicate a back‐arc setting (Fu et al, ; Li & Xi, ; Sun et al, ; Zhang, Dang, et al, ; Zhang, Wang, et al, ), supporting an extensional tectonic environment for the upper volcanic cycle. Thus, Formation d of the Tanjianshan Group, which has received little attention to date, is a potential source of information regarding late‐stage magmatic activity in the study region, providing insights into the Ordovician‐Silurian evolution of the North Qaidam Orogen following ocean–continent subduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Geochronology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Tanjianshan Group, NW China: Implications for the early Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qaidam Orogen

Sun

Algeo

et al. 2018

Geological Journal

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The widely exposed Tanjianshan volcanic rocks in the North Qaidam Orogen (NW China) encode abundant information about early Palaeozoic magma origin and tectonic evolution. This research utilizes petrological, geochemical, and geochronological methods to investigate the last volcanic cycle (Formation d) of the Tangjianshan Group, aiming to reveal the tectonic evolutionary processes of the North Qaidam Orogen. Formation d can be further divided into two major volcanic sequences, that is, Formation

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The Xitieshan volcanic sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposit, North Qaidam, China: Geology, structural deformation and geochronology

Cited by 16 publications

References 61 publications

Isotopic (H─O─S─Pb) geochemistry and zircon U─Pb geochronology of the Kaladaban Pb─Zn deposit, in Xinjiang, NW China

Isotopic (H─O─S─Pb) geochemistry and zircon U─Pb geochronology of the Kaladaban Pb─Zn deposit, in Xinjiang, NW China

Subduction Within the Proto‐Tethys Ocean Revealed by Recognition of the Earliest Phanerozoic Intra‐Oceanic Arc, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Geochronology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Tanjianshan Group, NW China: Implications for the early Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qaidam Orogen

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