The Worm Turns

Garza-Cuartero, Laura; Andres, Garcia-Campos; Zintl, Annetta; Chryssafidis, Andréas Lazaros; O'Sullivan, Jack; Sekiya, Mary; Mulcahy, Grace

doi:10.1177/0300985813519655

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…As a cross-sectional study, the time sequence of infection remains unknown, and thus, observed nematode infections may have occurred before or after B. tribocorum infection. Immune modulation by nematodes via the downregulation of T helper type 1 immunity could alter immune responses to microparasites including Bartonella spp., thus impacting the acquisition and establishment of chronic persistent infections(Garza-Cuartero et al, 2014). Our results suggest that there may be effects across organ systems in rats that are co-infected with B. tribocorum and nematode parasites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Even microscopic lesions that suggest minor disease may substantially affect behaviour and immune responses through their cumulative effects (i.e., total disease burden; Snyder, Ward, & Treuting, 2016). Co-infections with >1 species of microparasite (i.e., viruses, bacteria and protozoa) and/or macroparasite (i.e., nematodes, cestodes, trematodes) may profoundly affect infectious disease epidemiology by creating more severe disease, immune system modulation and host behaviour modification, which may subsequently increase pathogen shedding and transmission (Bordes & Morand, 2011;Ezenwa, 2016;Ezenwa et al, 2016;Garza-Cuartero et al, 2014;Gibson et al, 2011;Raoul, Hegglin, & Giraudoux, 2015;Vaumourin, Vourc'h, Gasqui, & Vayssier-Taussat, 2015;Webster, 2001). Collectively, behaviour and immune responses to disease are a mechanism for how intrahost factors may influence pathogen transmission and persistence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Rothenburger

Himsworth

Nemeth

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Traditionally, zoonotic pathogen ecology studies in wildlife have focused on the interplay among hosts, their demographic characteristics and their pathogens. But pathogen ecology is also influenced by factors that traverse the hierarchical scale of biological organization, ranging from within‐host factors at the molecular, cellular and organ levels, all the way to the host population within a larger environment. The influence of host disease and co‐infections on zoonotic pathogen carriage in hosts is important because these factors may be key to a more holistic understanding of pathogen ecology in wildlife hosts, which are a major source of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Using wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a model species, the purpose of this study was to investigate how host disease and co‐infections impact the carriage of zoonotic pathogens. Following a systematic trap and removal study, we tested the rats for the presence of two potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Bartonella tribocorum and Leptospira interrogans) and assessed them for host disease not attributable to these bacteria (i.e., nematode parasites, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions). We fitted multilevel multivariable logistic regression models with pathogen status as the outcome, lesions and parasites as predictor variables and city block as a random effect. Rats had significantly increased odds of being infected with B. tribocorum if they had a concurrent nematode infection in one or more organ systems. Rats with bite wounds, any macroscopic lesion, cardiomyopathy or tracheitis had significantly increased odds of being infected with L. interrogans. These results suggest that host disease may have an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of rat‐associated zoonotic pathogens. Our multiscale approach to assessing complex intrahost factors in relation to zoonotic pathogen carriage may be applicable to future studies in rats and other wildlife hosts.

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mentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Rothenburger

Himsworth

Nemeth

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…To date, vaccination trials with either purified native or recombinant F. hepatica proteins have reported a wide range of protection (30–89%) in ruminants151617. Interestingly, it has been proposed that induction of a robust Th1 response could protect the host not only from the infection1518 but also from bystander co-infections by down-regulating Th2 regulatory immunity19. Accordingly, protection induced by helminth vaccines has been associated with high IFN-γ and TNF production20.…”

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confidence: 99%

A mucin-like peptide from Fasciola hepatica instructs dendritic cells with parasite specific Th1-polarizing activity

Noya

Brossard

Rodríguez

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Fasciolosis is a trematode zoonosis of interest in public health and cattle production. We report here the immunostimulatory effect of a 66 mer mucin-like peptide from Fasciola hepatica (Fhmuc), which synergizes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation, endowing these cells with Th1-polarizing capacity. Exposure of DCs to Fhmuc in presence of LPS induced enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules by DCs, promoting their T cell stimulatory capacity and selectively augmenting IFN-γ secretion by allogeneic T cells. Furthermore, exposure of DCs to Fhmuc augmented LPS-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression on the cell surface. Finally, Fhmuc-conditioned DCs induced parasite specific-adaptive immunity with increased levels of IFN-γ secreted by splenocytes from vaccinated animals, and higher parasite-specific IgG antibodies. However, Fhmuc-treated DC conferred modest protection against F. hepatica infection highlighting the potent immuno-regulatory capacity of the parasite. In summary, this work highlights the capacity of a mucin-derived peptide from F. hepatica to enhance LPS-maturation of DCs and induce parasite-specific immune responses with potential implications in vaccination and therapeutic strategies.

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“…But in addition to these lesions, nematodes may also negatively affect rat health through their systemic influence on the immune system and response to microparasite infections (i.e., viruses, bacteria, and protozoa). 36 Other studies have identified a similarly diverse array of parasites in wild rats. 69,74 However, histopathology is required to detect the full array and distribution of parasites along with associated lesions (e.g., Eucoleus sp.…”

Section: Lesions Associated With Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pathology of wild Norway rats in Vancouver, Canada

et al. 2019

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To achieve a contemporary understanding of the common and rare lesions that affect wild, urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), we conducted a detailed pathology analysis of 672 rats from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Grossly evident lesions, such as wounds, abscesses, and neoplasms, were present in 71 of 672 rats (11%) and tended to be severe. The most common and significant lesions were infectious and inflammatory, most often affecting the respiratory tract and associated with bite wounds. We assessed a subset of rats (up to n = 406 per tissue) for the presence of microscopic lesions in a variety of organ systems. The most frequent lesions that could impact individual rat health included cardiomyopathy (128 of 406; 32%), chronic respiratory tract infections as indicated by pulmonary inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (270 of 403; 67%), tracheitis (192 of 372; 52%), and thyroid follicular hyperplasia (142 of 279; 51%). We isolated 21 bacterial species from purulent lesions in rats with bacterial infections, the most frequent of which were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Parasitic diseases in rats resulted from infection with several invasive nematodes: Capillaria hepatica in the liver (242 of 672; 36%), Eucoleus sp. in the upper gastrointestinal tract (164 of 399; 41%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder (59 of 194; 30%). Neoplastic, congenital, and degenerative lesions were rare, which likely reflects their adverse effect on survival in the urban environment. Our results establish a baseline of expected lesions in wild urban rats, which may have implications for urban rat and zoonotic pathogen ecology, as well as rat control in cities worldwide.

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The Worm Turns

Cited by 12 publications

References 57 publications

The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

A mucin-like peptide from Fasciola hepatica instructs dendritic cells with parasite specific Th1-polarizing activity

Pathology of wild Norway rats in Vancouver, Canada

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