The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019

Wimo, Anders; Seeher, Katrin; Cataldi, Rodrigo; Cyhlarova, Eva; Dielemann, Joseph L; Frisell, Oskar; Guerchet, Maëlenn; Jönsson, Linus; Malaha, Angeladine Kenne; Nichols, Emma; Pedroza, Paola; Prince, Martin; Knapp, Martín; Dua, Tarun

doi:10.1002/alz.12901

Cited by 104 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This review identified that mHealth applications were mainly developed in high-income countries. Although 96% of people with dementia are cared for in their homes by informal carers,7 LMICs pay only 10% of the cost of the social care sector in dementia, including the cost of the residential, nursing home or long-term care facilities 79. Social care costs in high-income countries are around 40% 79.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although 96% of people with dementia are cared for in their homes by informal carers,7 LMICs pay only 10% of the cost of the social care sector in dementia, including the cost of the residential, nursing home or long-term care facilities 79. Social care costs in high-income countries are around 40% 79. In light of a paucity of community-based dementia services in LMICs,80 previous studies found that informal carers of people with dementia in these countries had shown a lack of knowledge and the need for support systems or services 81–83.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Informal carers’ information needs in managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of people with dementia and related mHealth applications: a systematic integrative review to inform the design of an mHealth application

2023

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ObjectiveTo review and synthesise the evidence on informal carers’ information needs in managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) of their care recipients and related mobile health (mHealth) applications to inform the design of an mHealth application.DesignThis is a systematic integrative review guided by Whittemore and Knafl’s five-stages framework. Six databases were searched: Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, ProQuest and PsycINFO. The key concepts included ‘dementia’, ‘behavioural and psychological symptoms’, ‘informal carers’ and (‘information need’ or ‘mHealth application’). Peer-reviewed full-text articles published in English from 2000 to 2022 were included. The methodological rigour of studies was analysed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool V.2018. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-2020 reporting guidelines were followed.ResultsThis review included 34 studies, including quantitative (n=13), qualitative (n=17) and mixed-method (n=4) studies. Four major themes emerged from the reported studies: the need for addressing information needs on managing BPSD, the role of support systems in managing BPSD, self-care for carers and the role of mHealth applications in providing education and support for carers. In managing BPSD, carers seek knowledge about dementia and BPSD, the roles of the carers and misconceptions about BPSD. One study reported an mHealth application to monitor the behavioural issues of people with dementia.ConclusionInformal carers of people with dementia face a number of challenges when providing care for BPSD of their care recipients. The lack of knowledge on managing BPSD is a significant challenge. Support systems such as professional, social, residential, legal and eHealth have a significant role in managing the BPSD of people with dementia in the community. mHealth interventions are sparse to support BPSD management. These findings can be used in designing an mHealth application that addresses needs related to managing BPSD of informal carers of people with dementia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021238540.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informal carers’ information needs in managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of people with dementia and related mHealth applications: a systematic integrative review to inform the design of an mHealth application

2023

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“…In 2009, Wimo and colleagues reported the worldwide cost of dementia as $422 billion, with $142 billion (34%) spent on informal care. 7 A more recent study using a similar methodology estimated the cost of dementia in the Arab world in 2009 to range from $4.2 billion to $6.7 billion, with dementia costs accounting for over 0.75% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) in Mauritania, Iraq and Egypt, whereas the economic burden for the Gulf Cooperation Council was estimated at less than 0.25% of the GDP. 8 A recent study by Wimo et al found that the annual global societal costs of dementia in 2019 were US $1313.4 billion for 55.2 million people with dementia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 A recent study by Wimo et al found that the annual global societal costs of dementia in 2019 were US $1313.4 billion for 55.2 million people with dementia. 7 These costs included direct medical costs (US $213.2 billion, 16%), direct social sector costs such as long-term care (US $448.7 billion, 34%), and informal care costs (US $651.4 billion, 50%). This research showed that although the majority of people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries, the highest total and per-person costs are observed in high-income countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and economic burden of dementia in the Arab world

et al. 2023

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Background The growing prevalence of dementia is a global concern, especially in the Arab world, where updated economic impact data are scarce. Understanding its prevalence and cost is crucial for effective policies and support systems. Aims To estimate dementia prevalence and cost in Arab countries for 2021. Method United Nations population data and dementia prevalence estimates were used to calculate total cases. Direct costs were based on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (purchasing power parity) and income classification. Indirect caregiver support costs were estimated using average monthly wages and two distinct scenarios. Results The highest dementia prevalence among those aged more than 60 years was in Lebanon (4.88%), Tunisia (4.43%) and Algeria (4.19%). The total direct cost in the Arab region was $8.18 billion for those over 50 years old. Indirect costs ranged from $2.25 billion (best case) to $5.67 billion (worst case), with a mean value of $3.98 billion. Total dementia care costs (direct and indirect) under the mean scenario for the entire Arab world amounted to $12.17 billion, with costs as a percentage of GDP ranging from 0.05% (Sudan) to 0.44% (Lebanon). Conclusions This study highlights dementia as a growing public health issue in the Arab world, with 1 329 729 individuals affected in 2021 and total costs between $10.43 billion and $13.90 billion. The findings emphasise the urgent need for investment in research and specialised services for older adults, particularly those with dementia.

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Serum neurofilament light chain and cognition decline in US elderly: A cross‐sectional study

Liu,

Chen,

Meng

et al. 2023

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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ObjectiveEarly identification of cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial. Neurofilament, a potential biomarker for neurological disorders, has gained attention. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between serum neurofilament light (sNfL) levels and cognitive function in elderly individuals in the United States.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study analyzed data from participants aged 60 and above in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014). We collected sNfL levels, cognitive function tests, sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and other variables. Weighted multiple linear regression models examined the relationship between ln(sNfL) and cognitive scores. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) visualization explored nonlinear relationships. The stratified analysis examined subgroups' ln(sNfL) and cognitive function association.ResultsThe study included 446 participants (47.73% male). Participants with ln(sNfL) levels between 2.58 and 2.81 pg/mL (second quintile) performed relatively well in cognitive tests. After adjusting for multiple factors, ln(sNfL) levels were negatively correlated with cognitive function, with adjusted β (95% CI) as follows: immediate recall test (IRT): −0.763 (−1.301 to −0.224), delayed recall test (DRT): −0.308 (−0.576 to −0.04), animal fluency test (AFT): −1.616 (−2.639 to −0.594), and digit symbol substitution test (DSST): −2.790 (−4.369 to −1.21). RCS curves showed nonlinear relationships between ln(sNfL) and DRT, AFT, with inflection points around 2.7 pg/mL. The stratified analysis revealed a negative correlation between ln(sNfL) and cognition in specific subgroups with distinct features, with an interaction between diabetes and ln(sNfL).InterpretationHigher sNfL levels are associated with poorer cognitive function in the elderly population of the United States. sNfL shows promise as a potential biomarker for early identification of cognitive decline.

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The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019

Cited by 104 publications

References 26 publications

Informal carers’ information needs in managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of people with dementia and related mHealth applications: a systematic integrative review to inform the design of an mHealth application

Informal carers’ information needs in managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of people with dementia and related mHealth applications: a systematic integrative review to inform the design of an mHealth application

Prevalence and economic burden of dementia in the Arab world

Serum neurofilament light chain and cognition decline in US elderly: A cross‐sectional study

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