The worlds of tea and coffee: Patterns of consumption

Grigg, David

doi:10.1023/b:gejo.0000007249.91153.c3

Cited by 103 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our findings also suggest that a dose of 200 mg caffeine or theanine does not affect relatively lower order visual attention, but does influence executive control. Given the popularity of tea worldwide (Grigg 2002), these results carry significant implications for the way in which people attend to and process information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal

Giles

Mahoney

Brunyé

et al. 2017

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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Tea is perceived as more relaxing than coffee, even though both contain caffeine. L-theanine in tea may account for the difference. Consumed together, caffeine and theanine exert similar cognitive effects to that of caffeine alone, but exert opposite effects on arousal, in that caffeine accentuates and theanine mitigates physiological and felt stress responses. We evaluated whether caffeine and theanine influenced cognition under emotional arousal. Using a double-blind, repeatedmeasures design, 36 participants received 4 treatments (200 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 200 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine) on separate days. Emotional arousal was induced by highly arousing negative film clips and pictures. Mood, salivary cortisol, and visual attention were evaluated. Caffeine accentuated global processing of visual attention on the hierarchical shape task (p < 0.05), theanine accentuated local processing (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Caffeine reduced flanker conflict difference scores on the Attention Network Test (p < 0.05), theanine increased difference scores (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Thus, under emotional arousal, caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on certain attentional processes, but when consumed together, they counteract the effects of each other.Key words: caffeine, theanine, arousal, attention, cortisol, emotion, cognition.Résumé : Le thé est perçu comme étant plus relaxant que le café, même si tous deux contiennent de la caféine. La L-théanine du thé pourrait être à l'origine de la différence entre les deux. Consommées ensemble, la caféine et la théanine exercent des effets similaires sur les facultés cognitives que la caféine seule, mais elles exercent des effets contraires sur l'éveil : effets d'accentuation de la caféine et effets mitigés de la théanine sur le plan des réactions au stress de natures physiologique et des sensations. Nous avons tenté de vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle la caféine et la théanine pourraient influencer les facultés cognitives en situation d'excitation émotionnelle. À l'aide d'un modèle à double insu avec mesures répétées sur des jours distincts, nous avons administré les traitements suivants chez 36 participants : caféine à 200 mg + théanine à 0 mg, caféine à 0 mg + théanine à 200 mg, caféine à 200 mg + théanine à 200 mg et caféine à 0 mg + théanine à 0 mg. Nous avons provoqué une excitation émotionnelle à l'aide d'images et de séquences filmées négatives. Nous avons évalué l'humeur, les taux de cortisol dans la salive et l'attention visuelle. La caféine entraînait une accentuation du traitement global par l'attention visuelle aux tâches de catégorisation de formes (« hierarchical shape task »; p < 0,05), la théanine entraînait une accentuation du traitement local (p < 0,05), et l'association des deux donnait les mêmes résultats que le placebo. La caféine entraînait une réduction des scores de différence des conflits en présenc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal

Giles

Mahoney

Brunyé

et al. 2017

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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“…Coffee and tea are both consumed in most countries (2) . Worldwide, approximately three cups of tea are drunk for every cup of coffee.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although tea and coffee are two of the beverages most commonly consumed, little dietary advice on their consumption exists (2) . Evidence has suggested that tea may play a role in the prevention of several cancers and CVD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tea or coffee? A case study on evidence for dietary advice

Binns

Lee

Fraser

2008

Public Health Nutr.

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The present paper explores the level of evidence required to justify giving dietary advice to the public. There are important practical differences between the development of public health nutrition guidelines and guidelines for clinical practice. While the gold standard for evidence for clinical practice guidelines is a meta-analysis of a number of randomised controlled trials, this is often unrealistic and sometimes unethical for the evaluation of public health nutrition interventions. Hence, epidemiological studies make up the bulk of evidence for nutrition guidelines. Tea and coffee are an interesting case study in relation to this issue. They are two of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide, yet there is little dietary advice on their use. The evidence for a relationship between coffee or tea consumption and several diseases is discussed. The available studies, predominantly epidemiological, together with animal and in vitro studies, indicate that coffee and tea are both safe beverages. However, tea is the healthier option because it has a possible role in the prevention of several cancers and CVD. While the evidence for such relationships is not strong, the public will continue to drink both tea and coffee, and will continue to ask nutritionists to make recommendations. It is therefore argued that advice should be given on the best available data, as waiting for complete data to become available could have severe consequences for public health.

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“…Coffee is one of the most widely consumed drinks in the world and one of the most important commodities in global commerce (Grigg 2002). Up to the eighteenth century, its production and consumption was confined to very specific parts of Africa and Asia (Clarence- Smith and Topik 2003).…”

Section: Costa Rica In the Global Coffee Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to the eighteenth century, its production and consumption was confined to very specific parts of Africa and Asia (Clarence- Smith and Topik 2003). Since then, fired by the first global distribution, its production spreads to other parts of the world, and its consumption became increasingly popular, chiefly in the Americas and Europe, where it is now more popular than tea (Grigg 2002). Their coffee consumption (availability) is 1.2 kg of green beans per person per year (FAO 2016), equivalent to 2500 million cups per day (Dicum and Luttinger 1999).…”

Section: Costa Rica In the Global Coffee Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy flows in the coffee plantations of Costa Rica: from traditional to modern systems (1935–2010)

Infante-Amate

Picado

2017

Reg Environ Change

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This article addresses energy flows in the coffee agro-ecosystems of Costa Rica within the context of the socio-ecological transition, between 1935 and 2010, accounting for the shift from traditional to modern tropical agriculture. Estimating indicators of energy efficiency in crop management makes it possible to analyze the changing productive rationality of growers by studying end uses of all biomass appropriated from coffee agro-ecosystems. Coffee land and labor productivity, as expected, multiplied (by factors of 2.01 and 1.56, respectively). However, considering total biomass produced in coffee agro-ecosystems, productivity did not display such a significant increase. In contrast, all other energy efficiency indicators declined. Final energy return on investment (FEROI) fell from 1.02 in 1935 to 0.51 in 2005. External final EROI fell even farther, from 18.90 down to 1.86. The socio-ecological transition brought about the loss of multifunctionality in the final use of products derived from coffee agroecosystems, as new products replaced traditional ones.Keywords Energy return on investment . Coffee . Agroforestry . Energy efficiency . Socio-ecological transition IntroductionThe study of energy flows in farming, understood in a broad sense, represents an effective and versatile way to describe the major changes that have taken place in agrarian systems during the transition from traditional to modern management approaches, as well as to analyze the environmental problems generated in this process. Scholars have used a variety of methods, from traditional energy balances (Leach 1976) to energy return on investment (EROI) (Tello et al. 2016) and life cycle assessment (LCA) (Haas et al. 2000) to analyze energy flows in farming. One aim, from the perspective of environmental and energy sustainability, has been to compare the energy efficiency of traditional and modern systems (Cleveland 1995; or organic vs. conventional management (e.g., Smith et al. 2015). Another approach, from the social sciences and humanities, uses energy flows to study the material foundations and dynamics by which traditional societies were sustained, endeavoring to overcome perspectives that focus exclusively on cultural or monetary concerns. Such studies have assessed hunter-gatherer societies (Rappaport 1969), the collapse of civilizations (Tainter 1990), and the subsistence of peasant farming societies (Infante-Amate 2014).This article evaluates energy flows in Costa Rica's coffee agro-ecosystems within the context of the socio-ecological transition (SET) and the BGreen Revolution,^between 1935 and 2010, spanning both of the aforementioned perspectives within a tropical agricultural system. It estimates indicators about the energy processes of coffee production systems, evaluating its evolving energy efficiency. There is some published research about energy balances in coffee production in Nicaragua (Cuadra and Rydberg 2006), Brazil (Giannetti et al. 2011a, b;Turco et al. 2012;Flauzino et al. 2014;Muner et al. 2015), and Costa ...

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The worlds of tea and coffee: Patterns of consumption

Cited by 103 publications

References 20 publications

Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal

Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal

Tea or coffee? A case study on evidence for dietary advice

Energy flows in the coffee plantations of Costa Rica: from traditional to modern systems (1935–2010)

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