The world’s highest vascular epiphytes found in the Peruvian Andes

Sylvester, Steven P.; Sylvester, Mitsy D.P.V.; Kessler, Michael

doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0130-2

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Morphological stasis is rather expected to result from non-ecological vicariant speciation, e.g., when the topography is complex and populations are isolated (Britton et al, 2014). In contrast, parallel or convergent evolution usually suggests the influence of selection, e.g., to adapt to extreme environmental conditions (Bickford et al, 2007) such as high elevations for many grammitid ferns (Parris, 2009;Sylvester et al, 2014). We tend to favour the latter mechanism given the high dispersal capacities of ferns and the well-known homoplastic nature of several morphological traits in this group (Ranker et al, 2004).…”

Section: Enterosora Is Highly Polyphyletic Notably Revealing a New Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Madagascar sheds new light on the molecular systematics and biogeography of grammitid ferns: New unexpected lineages and numerous long-distance dispersal events

Bauret

Gaudeul

Sundue

et al. 2017

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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Based on a worldwide phylogenetic framework filling the taxonomic gap of Madagascar and surrounding islands of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), we revisited the systematics of grammitid fern species (Polypodiaceae). We also investigated the biogeographic origin of the extant diversity in Madagascar and estimated the relative influence of vicariance, long-distance dispersals (LDD) and in situ diversification. Phylogenetic inferences were based on five plastid DNA regions (atpB, rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, trnL-trnF) and the most comprehensive taxonomic sampling ever assembled (224 species belonging to 31 out of 33 recognized grammitids genera). 31 species from Madagascar were included representing 87% of the described diversity and 77% of the endemics. Our results confirmed a Paleotropical clade nested within an amphi-Atlantic grade. In addition, we identified three new major clades involving species currently belonging to Grammitis s.l., Ctenopterella and Enterosora. We resolved for the first time Grammitis s.s. as monophyletic, and Ctenopterella (newly tested here) and Enterosora as polyphyletic. The Neotropical genus Moranopteris was shown to also occur in Madagascar through a newly discovered species. Most importantly, we suggest a >30% inflation of the species number in the WIO due to the hidden diversity in >10 cryptic lineages, best explained by high morphological homoplasy. Molecular dating and ancestral areas reconstruction allowed identifying the Neotropics as the predominant source of LDD to the African-WIO region, with at least 12 colonization events within the last 20Ma. Repeated eastward migrations may be explained by transoceanic westerly winds transporting the dust-like spores. Tropical Asia s.l. would also have played a (minor) role through one dispersal event to Madagascar at the end of the Oligocene. Last, within the complex Malagasy region made of a mosaic of continental and oceanic islands located close to the African continent, we showed that contrary to theoretical expectations and empirical evidence in angiosperms, Africa does not act as a dispersal source and Madagascar seems to have a more important influence on the regional dynamics: we observed both in situ species diversification and dispersal out of Madagascar. This influence also extends beyond the region, since one dispersal event probably originated from Madagascar and reached the Subantarctic island of Amsterdam.

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Section: Enterosora Is Highly Polyphyletic Notably Revealing a New Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Madagascar sheds new light on the molecular systematics and biogeography of grammitid ferns: New unexpected lineages and numerous long-distance dispersal events

Bauret

Gaudeul

Sundue

et al. 2017

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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“…As a result, the loss of many families, especially the Hymenophyllaceae (which is very abundant in wet tropical forests), towards arid and cold habitats, results in a strong phylogenetic signal that presumably drives the pattern of sMPD. Indeed, in the most arid and cold environments, only the family Polypodiaceae remains as epiphytes (Krömer et al 2005, Sylvester et al 2014, Sundue et al 2015. This young (in terms of ferns) family (90-30 my old, Schneider et al 2004, Schuettpelz and Pryer 2009, Testo and Sundue 2016, has evolved numerous adaptations to both dry and cold conditions, including water storage, poikilohydry, and frost tolerance (Barrington 1993, Watkins et al 2007, Sundue et al 2015.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic diversity of ferns reveals different patterns of niche conservatism and habitat filtering between epiphytic and terrestrial assemblages

Hernández-Rojas¹,

Kluge²,

Noben³

et al. 2021

Frontiers of Biogeography

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“…Additionally, it is important to note that the only three species found at both uppermost elevations were ferns of the Polypodiaceae family. Interestingly, Polypodiaceae species were also reported as the highest growing epiphytes above 4,000 m in the Peruvian Andes (Sylvester, Sylvester, & Kessler, ) and Polypodium vulgare is also the epiphyte species with the northernmost and highest occurrences in Europe, where it is able to survive prolonged periods of frost (Zotz, ). Because all these regions are comparatively humid, we tentatively suggest that frost is a main constraining factor at upper elevations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of forest‐use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity along an elevational gradient

Guzmán‐Jacob

Zotz

Craven

et al. 2019

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim: Understanding patterns of tropical plant diversity and their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance at different spatial scales remains a great challenge in ecology and conservation. Here, we study how the effects of forest-use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity vary along a tropical elevational gradient.Location: 3,500-m elevational gradient along the eastern slopes of Cofre de Perote, Mexico. Methods:We studied the effects of forest-use intensity on alpha, beta and gamma diversity of vascular epiphyte assemblages in old-growth, degraded and secondary forests at eight study sites at 500-m intervals along the elevational gradient. At each elevation and in each of the three forest-use intensity levels, we established five 400-m 2 plots yielding a total of 120 plots.Results: Interactive effects of elevation and forest-use intensity strongly impacted local-scale patterns of vascular epiphyte diversity. Species diversity peaked at 500 as well as 1,500 m above sea level, which deviates from the previously reported humpshaped pattern. In most cases, alpha diversity did not differ significantly among forest-use intensity levels. However, gamma diversity was always lower in secondary forests compared to old-growth forests across the entire elevational gradient. Within each elevational belt, beta diversity was dominated by species turnover along the forest-use intensity gradient in the lowlands and declined with increasing elevation, where community composition became increasingly nested. Along the elevational gradient, the spatial turnover of vascular epiphyte community composition was similar among forest-use intensity levels. Main conclusions:Our results reveal a strong interaction between forest-use intensity and elevation, making it difficult to extrapolate findings from one elevational belt to another. Our findings highlight the value of old-growth forest for epiphyte diversity, but also show that degraded and secondary forests-depending on the elevational belt-may maintain a high species diversity and thus play an important role in conservation planning.

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The world’s highest vascular epiphytes found in the Peruvian Andes

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Madagascar sheds new light on the molecular systematics and biogeography of grammitid ferns: New unexpected lineages and numerous long-distance dispersal events

Madagascar sheds new light on the molecular systematics and biogeography of grammitid ferns: New unexpected lineages and numerous long-distance dispersal events

Phylogenetic diversity of ferns reveals different patterns of niche conservatism and habitat filtering between epiphytic and terrestrial assemblages

Effects of forest‐use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity along an elevational gradient

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