The World of Melanoma: Epidemiologic, Genetic, and Anatomic Differences of Melanoma Across the Globe

Dimitriou, Florentia; Krattinger, Regina; Ramelyte, Egle; Barysch, Marjam J.; Micaletto, Sara; Dummer, Reinhard; Goldinger, Simone M.

doi:10.1007/s11912-018-0732-8

Cited by 130 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Due to its propensity to metastasize, sometimes even early during the tumor evolution process, melanoma is the most dangerous form of human skin cancer. Its incidence has shown a steady increase in many countries in recent decades (Gilchrest et al 1999;Dimitriou et al 2018). Compared to basal or squamous cell carcinomas, the epidemiological evidence linking melanoma with sunlight exposure has always been less compelling.…”

Section: Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of UV-induced mutations and skin cancer

Pfeifer

2020

GENOME INSTAB. DIS.

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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes various types of DNA damage, which leads to specific mutations and the emergence of skin cancer in humans, often decades after initial exposure. Different UV wavelengths cause the formation of prominent UV-induced DNA lesions. Most of these lesions are removed by the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which is defective in rare genetic skin disorders referred to as xeroderma pigmentosum. A major role in inducing sunlight-dependent skin cancer mutations is assigned to the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of UV damage induction, the genomic distribution of this damage, relevant DNA repair mechanisms, the proposed mechanisms of how UV-induced CPDs bring about DNA replication-dependent mutagenicity in mammalian cells, and the strong signature of UV damage and mutagenesis found in skin cancer genomes.Keywords Ultraviolet · UV · Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer · (6-4) Photoproduct · Mutations · DNA repair · Skin cancer · Melanoma Abbreviations UV light Ultraviolet light CPD Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (6-4)PP Pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproduct 8-oxo-dG 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine XP Xeroderma pigmentosum NER Nucleotide excision repair 5mC 5-Methylcytosine

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Section: Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of UV-induced mutations and skin cancer

Pfeifer

2020

GENOME INSTAB. DIS.

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“…It has been hypothesised that these sex differences could be explained at least in part by a heterogeneous sun exposure patterns with differences in clothing, hair style, occupation, sun-seeking behaviour between males and females [24]. Moreover, the location also differs within ages showing in chronically sun-exposed areas, such as the face, lesions more frequently in the elderly population [1,[24][25][26]. In our series of cases, head and neck was almost twofold times more frequent in patients' of age 50 or more versus younger people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM), the most aggressive skin cancer, has been rising during the past decades in most countries with fair skinned populations with great differences across the globe [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous melanoma in Argentina: an analysis of its characteristics and regional differences

Loria¹,

Abriata²,

Santoro³

et al. 2020

ecancer

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Purpose: This study aims to increase the knowledge about the characteristics of cutaneous melanoma in Argentina, their association with the risk of having Breslow ≥1 mm and mortality trends for the period 2002-2017.Patients and methods: Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were done for 10.199 cases within the Argentine Melanoma Registry in the period 2002-2018. Trends in age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) were analysed using the Join point Regression Model.Results: Cases showed lesions mainly located in males' trunk (37%) and in females' lower limbs (29%). The level of invasion was higher in males who also showed higher mortality. Cases from the North West and North East regions showed a major risk of Breslow >1 mm and harboured CM in lower limbs more frequently than in other regions. Nearly, 25% of tumours over 2 mm were in cases aged <50 years and 37.6% in patients ≥50 years. In the North West, North East and Patagonia, the frequency of cases in young people was higher than in older people. In 43% of cases, the melanoma subtype was not specified in the report. The number of superficial spreading melanomas, the most common histology, was nearly twice that of Nodular melanomas the following histology in importance (3,403 and 1,754, respectively). Melanoma mortality rates in all Argentine population increased in the elderly. Lower melanoma mortality rates were observed in the North West. In 2007-2017, ASMR decreased significantly in females (average 1.4% p/year) while it increased nonsignificantly in males (0.4% p/year).The tumours with the worst prognosis were associated with the elderly, males, nodular or acrolentiginous morphologies, residing somewhere other than Centro and Patagonia and with tumors located in the head/neck and legs. Conclusion:The geographical variations found for melanoma characteristics and their mortality in Argentina, makes it imperative that epidemiological research is continued to avoid generalisations and improve future preventive actions.

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“…The most common form of melanoma is the superficial spreading melanoma among Caucasians and acral lentiginous melanoma in African-Americans. Less common subtypes include amelanotic melanoma, spitzoid melanoma and desmoplastic melanoma (McGovern, 1970;Dimitriou et al, 2018).…”

Section: Melanoma Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fair skin and hair color) or with history of excessive sun exposure or non-melanoma skin cancer also have an increased risk (Koh et al 1996;Dimitriou et al, 2018). Two distinct biological pathways are thought to lead to development of cutaneous melanoma; a chronic sun exposure pathway by progressive accumulation of sun damage at the melanoma site in people who are sensitive to sun; the other a nevus prone pathway initiated by early sun exposure and promoted by host factors and/or intermittent sun exposure (Armstrong et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introduction Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and clinical evaluation of senescence-associated markers to distinguish melanocytic nevi from melanomas

Orfanidis

2020

Linköping University Medical Dissertations

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Melanoma is a form of cancer that develops in melanocytes. While it represents only 5% of skin malignancies, it is the most aggressive and lethal. Benign proliferation of these cells form the melanocytic nevi. The definitive diagnosis of melanocytic nevi or melanoma lesions is histopathologic. However, it is estimated that a correct diagnosis is established by means of standard skin biopsy in only 83% of the melanocytic lesions; of the remaining cases 8% and 9% are overinterpreted (false positives) and under-interpreted (false negatives), respectively. This underscores the importance of additional diagnostic tests. Since cellular senescence is considered to be a tumor suppressive mechanism, immuno-histochemistry using senescence markers has been suggested for the evaluation of difficult melanocytic lesions; however, the routinely used senescence markers lack the ability to distinguish nevi from melanoma. The general aim of this thesis is therefore to identify novel senescence markers that may aid in melanoma diagnosis.In study I, we established a cellular model with nevus-mimicking characteristics consisting in primary melanocytes that become senescent. Transcriptomic analysis allowed expanding the set of senescence-associated markers that could distinguish nevi from melanoma and identifying tubulin β-3 as a potential diagnostic marker. Depletion of tubulin β-3 and pretreatment with tubulin destabilizing drugs in melanocytes and melanoma cells induced a senescence-like phenotype in vitro. In particular, reduced migration capacity and induction of cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase of the cell cycle was demonstrated.In study II, a potential inter-cellular signaling pathway between melanoma cells and stromal fibroblasts, that might facilitate melanoma invasion, was investigated. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation was shown, both in melanoma cells and fibroblasts, to promote the release and activation of TGF-β1 and subsequent increase in expression of the serine protease FAP-α, a protein that plays role in extracellular matrix degradation and therefore facilitates the invasion of melanoma cells. Such mechanism was not functional in senescent melanocytes.In study III, it was shown that tubulin β-3 immunostaining aids in the diagnosis of nevi and melanomas. The diagnostic criterium was the tubulin β-3 gradient within the melanocytic nevi that was no longer apparent in melanoma. Different patterns of tubulin β-3 immunostaining in melanoma were described, dermoscopy-immunohistochemistry associations were found, specific dermoscopic features highlighted, and the prognostic value of this tubulin β-3 marker was examined. The progression rate in patients whose melanomas had areas with loss of tubulin β-3 was 4 times higher than in patients without this feature, although statistical significance could not be reached (p=0.06).In conclusion, transcriptomic analysis expanded the set of senescence-associated markers that could distinguish nevi from melanoma and identified tubulin β-3 as novel immunohistochemistry marker shown to have diagn...

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The World of Melanoma: Epidemiologic, Genetic, and Anatomic Differences of Melanoma Across the Globe

Cited by 130 publications

References 84 publications

Mechanisms of UV-induced mutations and skin cancer

Mechanisms of UV-induced mutations and skin cancer

Cutaneous melanoma in Argentina: an analysis of its characteristics and regional differences

Identification and clinical evaluation of senescence-associated markers to distinguish melanocytic nevi from melanomas

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