The world bank’s role in tourism development

Tourism is More Sinned Against than Sinning

“…It is a world where the notions of development have been through several iterations. Hawkins and Mann (2007) have provided an interesting and relevant discussion of the World Bank's role in tourism development. This highlights that different ideologies have been influential in determining how tourism should be funded in developing countries.…”

A general equilibrium approach to tourism and welfare: The case of Macao

“…After decades of aiming purely to increase both tourist arrivals and tourist spending, critiques highlighting the negative impacts (externalities will be used in the following) of rapid tourism growth have generated new ideas emphasizing community involvement, environmental conservation, and greater inclusion, with sustainable tourism becoming increasingly popular (Hawkins, 2007). The World Tourism Organization considers a tourism development model to be sustainable, if it is ecologically bearable, economically viable, and ethically and socially equitable (WTO, UNEP, UNESCO & EU, 1995).…”

Event and Festival in Cirebon: Review of Shariah Marketing Mix

“…Studies conducted by Blake, et al (2008), Croes and Vanegas (2008), and Hawkins and Mann (2007) mentioned that the consumption of tourists, in general, will bring social benefits for tourism purposes, because there is a lot of impact on the labor market, income generation and poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, the study by Burns and Holden (1995) and Logar (2009) asserts that the tourist consumption may also have a negative impact.…”