The World Bank's Classification of Countries by Income

Abstract

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Mental Toughness and Success in Sport: A Review and Prospect

“…Most studies (78.9%) were conducted among samples from Australia (N = 4), the United Kingdom, (N = 6), and The United States (N = 5), each of which are high income and developed, Westernized nations [33]. Except for one longitudinal study (albeit MT-performance statistics were only computed using MT recorded on one occasion), researchers employed cross-sectional designs to examine MT.…”

Career motivation of secondary students in STEM: a cross-cultural study between Korea and Indonesia

“…In this study, we attempt to reduce stereotyping by showing that the characteristics of ''Asians'' are diverse. Importantly, the two samples represent countries in the Asian subregion (i.e., Southeast Asia and East Asia) with different socio-economic status (i.e., a low-middle-income group and a high-income group) based on World Bank classification (Fantom & Serajuddin, 2016). Hence, we attempt to compare secondary students' STEM career motivation between Korea and Indonesia for a better understanding of students' motivation toward STEM in Asian countries.…”

Global Poverty and Inequality: Is There New Capacity for Redistribution in Developing Countries?

“…However, at the higher poverty lines of $5 and $10, we find that a smaller share of the total poverty gap is covered. If we take a closer look at the MTRs on those over the US poverty line and those over $10-per day in the countries where global poverty is focused (see Table 6) we find that unsurprisingly MTRs are prohibitive in both those above $10 and those above the US poverty There has been considerable debate on country income classifications triggered in part by the movement of the bulk of world's poor into countries classified as middle income countries (see Sumner, 2010;2016a;2016b) and the appropriateness or not of the country income classifications of the World Bank (see Alonso, 2012;Fantom and Serajjudin, 2016;Kanbur and Sumner, 2012;Koch, 2015;Ottersen et al 2014;Sumner, 2013, 2016). Kanbur and Mukherjee (2007) outlined a means of assessing the capacity to end reason why the proportion of global poverty covered is highest at the $5 a day line is because of the fact that a larger share of the global population living in $5 poverty are in countries that can afford redistribution.…”