The World Anti-Doping Agency: constructing a hybrid organisation in permanent stress (dis)order?

Scandinavian perspectives on doping – a comparative policy analysis in relation to the international process of institutionalizing anti-doping

“…It is created as an interface primarily sport, political and legal forces (Wagner 2009(Wagner , 2010 but operates on a level beyond the nation state. It has the harmonization of national policies and international sport governing bodies as its explicit goal, and accordingly an observation of subsequent processes of isomorphism might not appear as a huge surprise.…”

“…All-in-all we have chosen 18 condition variables (hereafter 'cvar') belonging to the three categories (see Table 1 (Houlihan 1999(Houlihan , 2002, the formal composition of the WADC and subsequent formal support for the 2005 UNESCO Convention (Hanstad, Skille and Loland 2010, Houlihan 2007, Wagner 2009). However, anti-doping legislation existed prior to the emergence of WADA.…”

“…This series of events accelerated criticism of the lacking anti-doping efforts of the international sport federations in general and the IOC in particular (Hoberman 2001), and mass media attention on this reverse side of sport grew (Møller 2008). Most importantly, the barrier between politics and sport was eliminated as anti-doping measures suddenly became part of a public policy debate (Ferstle 2001, Hanstad, Smith and Waddington 2008, Wagner 2009). In early 1999 the IOC initiated and hosted the first World Conference on Doping in Sport.…”

“…The construction of WADA can mainly be perceived as a partnership or an interrelation between the international sport movement, the political-legislative level and a public sphere in which the mass media play a crucial role (Møller 2008, Wagner 2009 (Houlihan, 1999;2002) our time frame range from 1988 and forward, but with particular emphasis on the period after 1998. The selected empirical sources cover various sub-domains of the three main categories and enable us to outline several condition variables belonging to each category.…”

The International Cycling Union under Siege—Anti-doping and the Biological Passport as a Mission Impossible?

“…The establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 by the IOC was a reaction to the scandal, although this must also be seen as a result of external pressure on the IOC and its failure to lead the fight against doping Wagner, 2009). The establishment of WADA forced the UCI to accept harmonization, including increased political awareness of doping and the transfer of policy decisions (e.g., the length of sanctions, prohibited substances and test regimes) from the single international federation to WADA.…”