The Work Burden of Women

Levine, James A.; Weisell, Robert; Chevassus, Simon; Martinez, Claudio D.; Burlingame, Barbara; Coward, W. A.

doi:10.1126/science.1064627

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…An example of such solicitude has been reported in this district in the case of breastfeeding of malnourished babies . It is clearly evident that in rural Africa, women are overburdened by the different roles they must assume (McGuire & Popkin, 1988;Avotri & Walters, 1999;Levine et al, 2001). They need to be helped by their daughters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, these tasks are often strenuous, requiring an important energetic investment (Bleiberg et al, 1980). They are also time-consuming, leaving very few occasions for women to have leisure time or rest during the day (Levine et al, 2001). Moreover, in this context, sleeping or resting for a longer time during the weekend is a chimera, since many tasks have to be repeated day after day (Avotri & Walters, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional status, growth and sleep habits among Senegalese adolescent girls

2004

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Objective: To study the relation between sleep habits, nutritional status, growth and maturation in a group of African adolescent girls. The main hypothesis to be tested was that sleep length could be an effective way to spare energy, and thus malnourished girls sleep longer than normal girls. Design: Three repeated yearly surveys (1997)(1998)(1999)) on a subsample of girls drawn from a larger study cohort on growth at adolescence. Setting: The Niakhar district in the central part of Senegal. Subject: In total, 40 girls were initially drawn. Missing girls were replaced at each round by girls having the same characteristics and belonging to the same cohort. Intervention: At each round, data on pubertal development (breast stages and occurrence of menarche), growth and nutritional status were collected. Adolescents wore an accelerometer for three or four consecutive nights and days at each round. Results: At the beginning of the survey, girls were 13.370.5 y old. They were under international reference values in weight and height. Their mean sleep duration was 8.570.9 h. Their puberty status did not influence their sleep habits; however, they slept more in March than in June, which was related to the seasonal change in daylight. There was a significant relation between body mass index and sleep habits: thinner girls slept a longer time and more quietly than the more corpulent girls. Conclusion: The nutritional status of these girls influenced their sleep habits: this may have been either a direct causal relation or a consequence of a protective attitude on the part of the mothers towards the frailer girls. Sponsorship: The R024 'Epidémiologie et Prévention' of the IRD (France) and the Nestlé Foundation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status, growth and sleep habits among Senegalese adolescent girls

2004

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“…However, this was more common among male gardeners than among female gardeners, apparently because the men have limited domestic responsibilities (see e.g. Levine et al 2001). This was confirmed by the way gardeners spent their free time.…”

Section: Division Of Labourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is related to the fact that women's time-and that of women in low(er) income households in particular-is to a large extent spent on such activities as cooking, housekeeping and child rearing (see e.g. Levine et al 2001). For that reason, urban farming is an attractive informal livelihood option for these women because ''it can be done close to the home, little cash is needed, and it combines well with the prime responsibilities of women'' (Wilbers et al 2004b: 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“My garden is a great help”: gender and urban gardening in Buea, Cameroon

Ngome

Foeken

2010

GeoJournal

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At a time of economic crisis and sharply rising food prices, urban farming is increasingly helping to sustain households. Gender is generally thought to be a key variable in this but studies are still in their infancy. Looking at the phenomenon from a livelihood perspective and based on a survey carried out in Buea, Cameroon, this paper deals with a number of key issues related to gender and urban gardening, including access to resources, division of labour and the benefits and challenges encountered. An additional variable, namely the marital status of the gardener, is also considered. There appear to be important differences between male and female gardeners in various respects, and marital status plays a role not only among female gardeners but to some extent among male gardeners too.

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“…Actual risks to women and to men will vary according to local traditions of gendered divisions of labour in which women might be more at risk from indoor pollutants, or pollutants related to traditional female employment patterns such as the export flower industry, or to supplying resources for the household (water, food, forest products); men might be more at risk in regard to occupations such as working in mines or as openocean fishers ( WHO 2016, Levine et al 2001. This simplified picture does not take account of women's and men's socio-economic status, land tenure/land rights, and many other factors.…”

Section: Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Gender and Environment Outlook 2016: The Critical Issues

Bechtel¹,

Bock²,

Dankelman³

et al. 2017

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DisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general guidance on matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to http://www.un.org/Depts/ Cartographic/english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme. ReproductionThis publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to

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The Work Burden of Women

Cited by 59 publications

References 1 publication

Nutritional status, growth and sleep habits among Senegalese adolescent girls

Nutritional status, growth and sleep habits among Senegalese adolescent girls

“My garden is a great help”: gender and urban gardening in Buea, Cameroon

Global Gender and Environment Outlook 2016: The Critical Issues

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