The wood quality of the South African timber resource for high-value solid wood products and its role in sustainable forestry

Malan, F. S.

doi:10.1080/20702620.2003.10431735

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is despite the fact that both the wood quality, and often the growth, of P. elliottii and P. taeda is inferior to that of P. patula (Kietzka 1988, Malan 2003. It is also unclear whether these losses in growth and wood quality are not costing the industry more than the cost of increased blanking operations when planting P. patula.…”

Section: Strategy 1: Alternative Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, studies have shown that these species have outstanding wood properties (Malan 1994(Malan , 2006. Other pines showing acceptable tolerance to F. circinatum and promising growth potential are P. teocote and P. pseudostrobus, suited to the cooler regions of the country, and P. pringlei, suited to the subtemperate regions of South Africa (Darrow and Coetzee 1983, Coetzee 1985, Malan 2003. The development of F. circinatum in South Africa has no doubt called for renewed interest in alternative species and, with advancements in tree breeding, will mean a likely increase in their deployment.…”

Section: Strategy 1: Alternative Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker of mature pines and root/collar rot of pine seedlings/cuttings, has resulted in large-scale losses to pine forestry in various parts of the world. The disease caused by this fungus is now regarded as one of the most important threats to pine plantations by a pathogen. Fusarium circinatum was first discovered in South Africa in 1990 where it infected Pinus patula seedlings in a nursery. Subsequently, the pathogen spread to pine nurseries in all other parts of the country, where it affects several Pinus species. Fusarium circinatum then appeared in the field where it has resulted in large-scale mortality of mostly young P. patula seedlings after planting. Pitch canker first appeared on mature P. radiata in 2006 and sporadic outbreaks of the disease have occurred subsequently on this species and on P. greggii in the western, southern and north-eastern Cape. Pinus patula is the most important softwood species grown in South Africa, comprising 50% of all softwoods planted, and is highly susceptible to F. circinatum. The pathogen, therefore, poses a potentially devastating threat to the future sustainability of the South African softwood industry. Strategic measures to minimise further spread are urgently needed. This review presents an overview of the impact that F. circinatum has had on South African forestry, and it considers the long-term prospects for pine forestry in the country as this relates to the presence of the pitch canker fungus.

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Section: Strategy 1: Alternative Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strategy 1: Alternative Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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“…Splitting at the time of logging and warping during milling can be caused also by growth stresses [28,29]. Growth stresses are often responsible also for brittle heart, especially in large older trees [30]. Most of these problems can be mitigated by applying the heat treatment to Eucalyptus logs [31], harvesting young eucalyptus trees, logs sawmill processing, and joining timber into EWPs before drying the wood [24,32].…”

Section: Utilization Of Eucalyptus Spp Fabricating Ewpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Wood Products from Eucalyptus spp.

Lee

Lum

Antov

et al. 2022

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Forest covers 4.06 billion hectares (ha) or 31% of the total land area worldwide, where 93% (3.75 billion ha) are natural regenerating forests and the remaining 7% (294 million ha) are planted forests. Eucalyptus spp., being one of the most important plantation species, has been planted in 95 countries around the world, and the area of plantation has exceeded 22.57 million ha. In the southern hemisphere, it is a significant industrial fast-growing tree species. These plantations serve as a valuable resource for the timber and fibre-based industries. Eucalyptus is the main fibre resource for the pulp and paper industries in developed countries. Timber extracted from the planted eucalyptus trees has long been used for solid wood and its fibres were used for manufacturing medium-density fibreboard. In comparison to most softwood species, Eucalyptus timber is reported to have a higher rigidity, making it ideal for manufacturing structural products. Therefore, this paper presents a review and analysis of the recent state of research on the utilisation of planted eucalyptus for engineered wood products (EWPs) manufacturing. This study investigated Eucalyptus-based EWPs such as particleboard, fibreboard, oriented strand board, laminated veneer lumber, plywood, glue laminated lumber, and cross-laminated lumber. The feasibility of using planted Eucalyptus in the production of EWPs, as well as the challenges encountered, was also discussed.

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“…Resin increases density of a piece of timber, but limited information is available on its impact on structural performance. PEE × PCH hybrids are prone to resin streaking [2,[28][29][30] often developing from weak spots in corewood such as knots and pith [31] which are frequent in out-of-grade. The PEE × PCH hybrids have been found to have high overall resin content at tree level ranging between 2% and 17%, with resin content increasing radially from bark to pith and also with the age of the tree [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of Low-Stiffness Out-of-Grade Hybrid Pine—Effects of Knots, Resin and Pith

Cherry

Karunasena

Manalo

2022

Forests

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Out-of-grade pine timber is an abundant material resource that is underutilised because its mechanical properties are not well understood. Increasing trends toward shorter rotation times and fast-grown plantation pines around the world such as Pinus elliottii x P. caribaea var. hondurensis hybrid (PEExPCH) mean low-stiffness corewood is becoming a larger portion of this out-of-grade population. This study characterised the modulus and strength properties in bending, compression parallel to grain (CParG) and compression perpendicular to grain (CPerpG), shear and tension strength of low-stiffness out-of-grade PEExPCH. The effect of resin, knots and pith on these properties were also investigated. The results show that in clear wood, the MOE in bending, CParG, CPerpG and shear modulus are 6.9 GPa, 5.78 GPa, 0.27 GPa and 0.59 GPa, respectively, while strengths are 45.8 MPa, 29.4 MPa, 6.7 MPa, 5.7 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength is 32.4 MPa. Resin significantly increased density 45% higher than clear, but performed similar with the exception of CPerpG MOE and strength which were significantly different. Resin area ratio (RAR) has a moderate correlation with density with an R2 of 0.659 but low to no correlation for mechanical properties. Knots were significantly different to clear for all test types and within a range of 48% to 196%. Knots were high in CPerpG MOE and strength but lower for all other properties and had the largest negative impact on tensile strength. Knot area ratio (KAR) had low to moderate correlation with tension strength and CPerpG MOE with R2 of 0.48 and 0.35, respectively. Pith was within the range of 76% to 121% of non-pith samples for structural performance, some of which were significantly different, and pith samples were higher in density than non-pith. This new information is crucial for the effective establishment of grading rules, design optimisation and utilisation of low-stiffness out-of-grade PEExPCH as a new material resource in civil engineering applications.

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The wood quality of the South African timber resource for high-value solid wood products and its role in sustainable forestry

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Engineering Wood Products from Eucalyptus spp.

Mechanical Properties of Low-Stiffness Out-of-Grade Hybrid Pine—Effects of Knots, Resin and Pith

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