The WNK1 kinase regulates the stability of transcription factors during wound healing of human corneal epithelial cells

Abstract

Due to its superficial anatomical localization, the cornea is continuously subjected to injuries. Damages to the corneal epithelium trigger important changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix to which the basal human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) attach. These changes are perceived by membrane-bound integrins and ultimately lead to re-epithelialization of the injured epithelium through intracellular signalin. Among the many downstream targets of the integrin-activated signaling pathways, WNK1 is the kinase whose activity is the most strongly increased during corneal wound healing. We previously demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of WNK1 prevents proper closure of wounded human tissue-engineered cornea in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which WNK1 contributes to corneal wound healing. By exploiting transcription factors microarrays, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay, and gene profiling analyses, we demonstrated that the DNA binding properties and expression of numerous transcription factors (TFs), including the well-known, ubiquitous TFs specific protein 1 (Sp1) and activator protein 1 (AP1), were reduced in hCECs upon WNK1 inhibition by WNK463. This process appears to be mediated at least in part by alteration in both the ubiquitination and glycosylation status of these TFs. These changes in TFs activity and expression impacted the transcription of several genes, including that encoding the α5 integrin subunit, a well-known target of both Sp1 and AP1. Gene profiling revealed that only a moderate number of genes in hCECs had their level of expression significantly altered in response to WNK463 exposition. Interestingly, analysis of the microarray data for these deregulated genes using the ingenuity pathway analysis software predicted that hCECs would stop migrating and proliferating but differentiate more when they are grown in the presence of the WNK1 inhibitor. These results demonstrate that WNK1 plays a critical function by orienting hCECs into the appropriate biological response during the process of corneal wound healing.

Isoform‐independent promotion of contractility and proliferation, and suppression of survival by with no lysine/K kinases in prostate stromal cells

“…Microarray analyses after treatment of corneal epithelial cells with 1 μM WNK463 suggested WNKdriven migration, proliferation and differentiation. 66 In rats with experimentally induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction, WNK463 affected the expression of 1203 proteins, interfered with cellular metabolism and mitochondrial density, and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy. 67 Downregulation of cell metabolism and of mitochondrial function may explain effects on different growth-related functions seen in our experiments.…”

“…Inhibition of corneal wound healing by WNK463 involved intregrins, including α5 which has been related to smooth muscle contraction, 65 and further adhesion molecules. Microarray analyses after treatment of corneal epithelial cells with 1 μM WNK463 suggested WNK‐driven migration, proliferation and differentiation 66 . In rats with experimentally induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction, WNK463 affected the expression of 1203 proteins, interfered with cellular metabolism and mitochondrial density, and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy 67 .…”