The Widely Used Diagnostics “DNA Microarray”-A Review

Abstract

Problem statement: DNA microarray technique is one of the latest advances in the field of molecular biology and medicine. It is a multiplex technique used in combination of bioinformatics and statistical data analysis. Since, 1995, the technique offers the possibility of conducting tens or hundreds of thousands of simultaneous hybridizations. Approach: This increased experimental efficiency permits high throughput and whole genome expression profiling of pathogens and hosts. Results: Microarray technologies are rapidly advancing with numerous applications in gene expression, genotyping, pharmaco-genomics, proteomics and cell biology, in infectious diseases recognizing the causative agent, molecular typing, in studying the interactions between causative agents and host cells, cancer biology, genetics, determining the presence of a pathogen in food samples, to characterize microbial isolates, identifying the presence of virulence factors or microbial resistance genes, to detect microbial mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, simultaneously detect and discriminate several viruses, to study the contaminants in cultures, such as mycoplasma, yeasts, fungi, exogenous and endogenous viruses and prions from both animal and human origin so and so forth. Conclusion: This article reviewed the applicability of this technique elaborately in some of the important areas of biological sciences.

Evaluation of a diagnostic microarray for the detection of major bacterial pathogens of potato from tuber samples

“…The results of this study demonstrated that while the specificity of the microbial detection microarray could be improved by stringent probe design procedures utilizing microbe whole genome sequences, the low sensitivity remains a major drawback to its use in routine seed certification. Despite the widespread speculation that microarrays could provide a solution for detecting multiple pathogens in food, plants, water and other environmental samples (Bodrossy & Sessitsch, ; Loy & Bodrossy, ; Kostić et al ., , ; Kumar, ; Cao et al ., ; Kostić & Sessitsch, ) its low analytical sensitivity limits its adoption by end‐user diagnostic laboratories The requirement for a large amount of target DNA is one the current limitations of microarrays (Schrenzel et al ., ). Under natural conditions the target pathogen is often present in limited quantities in the sample matrix against a background of many other microorganisms; thus, the availability of a large amount of target DNA requires selective cultural enrichment (Kostić & Sessitsch, ), which is very challenging, or molecular enrichment or culture‐independent molecular enrichment approaches such as the combination of PCR and microarray hybridizations (Volokhov et al ., ; Vora et al ., ; Järvinen et al ., ) and fragment amplification.…”

An Efficient Unified K-Means Clustering Technique for Microarray Gene Expression Data

“…The challenge is to effectively analyze and interpret such a huge volume of information. Two statistical operations commonly applied to microarray data are classification and clustering (Suresh et al, 2009;Kumar, 2009). Classification technique is a supervised one in which objects is classified by known class label, whereas clustering is an unsupervised technique requiring no predefined class labels.…”

Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer using Molecular, Biochemical and Pathological Markers

“…Breast cancer is ranking the first one after urinary bladder tumors and malignant lymphomas (Kumar, 2009). In spite of improvements in health care and disease prevention, breast cancer remains an important cause of mortality in different regions of the world and is a major public health issue.…”