The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Risk and Protective Profiles for Vulnerability to Radicalization

Clemmow, Caitlin; Rottweiler, Bettina; Wolfowicz, Michael; Bouhana, N; Marchment, Zoe; Gill, Paul

doi:10.1080/07418825.2023.2171902

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Therefore, the exact correlates of IE have not been examined. Clemmow and colleagues’ [ 5 ] study is an exception that should be extended in future research. They demonstrated that younger individuals were more likely to be incidentally exposed or actively select radicalizing messages and that male respondents were more likely to be exposed than female participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radicalization refers to a process during which individuals adopt extremist attitudes and, in some but not all instances, "come to perceive acts of terrorism as a possible alternative for action" [1,2]. Exposure to messages that glorify or incite the use of violence, material that derogates or dehumanizes outgroup members, as well as exposure to ideological/terrorist propaganda is considered a risk factor for radicalization [3][4][5]. So-called exposure effects have been documented with respect to radicalizing content that individuals encountered online [6][7][8][9][10] and in prisons [11,12], or following interactions with peers and family members who endorse violent extremism and rule-breaking [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct patterns of incidental exposure to and active selection of radicalizing information indicate varying levels of support for violent extremism

Schumann,

Clemmow,

Rottweiler

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Exposure to radicalizing information has been associated with support for violent extremism. It is, however, unclear whether specific information use behavior, namely, a distinct pattern of incidental exposure (IE) to and active selection (AS) of radicalizing content, indicates stronger violent extremist attitudes and radical action intentions. Drawing on a representative general population sample (N = 1509) and applying latent class analysis, we addressed this gap in the literature. Results highlighted six types of information use behavior. The largest group of participants reported a near to zero probability of both IE to and AS of radicalizing material. Two groups of participants were characterized by high or moderate probabilities of incidental exposure as well as a low probability of active selection of radicalizing content. The remaining groups displayed either low, moderate, or high probabilities of both IE and AS. Importantly, we showed between-group differences regarding violent extremist attitudes and radical behavioral intentions. Individuals reporting near zero or high probabilities for both IE to and AS of radicalizing information expressed the lowest and strongest violent extremist attitudes and willingness to use violence respectively. Groups defined by even moderate probabilities of AS endorsed violent extremism more strongly than those for which the probability for incidental exposure was moderate or high but AS of radicalizing content was unlikely.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct patterns of incidental exposure to and active selection of radicalizing information indicate varying levels of support for violent extremism

Schumann,

Clemmow,

Rottweiler

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

Self Cite

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“…The theory identifies the dominant confounding influence of religious leaders as the independent variable and Sharia as the mediating/moderating variable (Muthuswamy, 2022). In this context, the risk factors outlined by Clemmow et al (2023) are dependent variables of this confounding influence.…”

Section: The Use Of a Theory To Include The Confounding Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors of violent extremism and confounding influence: Commentary on an article by Clemmow et al. (2023)

Muthuswamy¹

2023

Preprint

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In this commentary, we argue that the article in question overlooked the confounding influence as a source of radicalization. Moreover, we contend that the violence associated risk factors identified in the article are dependent variables of this confounding influence. Accordingly, focusing on these risk factors is futile when attention should be on understanding and weakening the radicalization ecosystem. We outline a published theoretical framework for understanding the ecosystem and discuss its application by analyzing Salafi extremism. This framework incorporates the confounding influence for delineating violent extremism and helps understand the broad impact of the radicalization process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Patterns of Incidental Exposure to and Active Selection of Radicalizing Information Indicate Varying Levels of Support for Violent Extremism

Schumann¹,

Clemmow²,

Rottweiler³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exposure to radicalizing information has been associated with support for violent extremism. It is, however, unclear which specific information use behavior, namely, distinct patterns of incidental exposure (IE) to and active selection (AS) of radicalizing content, indicate stronger violent extremist attitudes and radical action intentions. Drawing on a representative general population sample (N = 1509) and applying latent class analysis, we addressed this gap in the literature. Results highlighted six types of information use behavior. The largest group of participants reported near to zero probability of both IE to and AS of radicalizing material. Two groups were characterized by high or moderate probabilities of incidental exposure as well as a low probability of active selection of radicalizing content. The remaining groups displayed either low, moderate, or high probabilities of both IE and AS. Importantly, we showed between-group differences regarding violent extremist attitudes and radical behavioral intentions. Individuals reporting near zero or high probabilities for both IE to and AS of radicalizing information expressed the lowest and strongest violent extremist attitudes and willingness to use violence respectively. Groups defined by even moderate probabilities of AS endorsed violent extremism more strongly than those for which the probability for incidental exposure was moderate or high but AS of radicalizing content was unlikely.

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The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Risk and Protective Profiles for Vulnerability to Radicalization

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Distinct patterns of incidental exposure to and active selection of radicalizing information indicate varying levels of support for violent extremism

Distinct patterns of incidental exposure to and active selection of radicalizing information indicate varying levels of support for violent extremism

Risk factors of violent extremism and confounding influence: Commentary on an article by Clemmow et al. (2023)

Distinct Patterns of Incidental Exposure to and Active Selection of Radicalizing Information Indicate Varying Levels of Support for Violent Extremism

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