The Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus Occidentalis: Evidence of Field Exposure to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Relation to Infestation by Ixodes Pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Manweiler, Stephen A.; Lane, Robert S.; Tempelis, C. H.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.328

Cited by 27 publications

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“…Since Borrelia and Spiroplasma species are not easily differentiated by dark-field microscopy, assessments to determine the occurrence of either species in Ixodes tick suspensions should not be based on direct morphologic observations. However, the presence of spiroplasmas in I. pacificus ticks, which have been described as "vicious human-biters" (23), and in a variety of blood-feeding tabanids, deerflies, and mosquitoes suggests that these organisms may have the potential to be agents of human disease. The apparent inability of the spiroplasmas described in this paper to grow well at 37°C (in contrast to S. mirum strains [39]) argues against this possibility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species occurs along the western seaboard of North America from British Columbia to Mexico, usually west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges, and has been found in several sites west of the Wasatch Range in Utah (14). At least 55 vertebrate species have been reported to be hosts for adult, larval, or nymphal forms of I. pacificus (3); this tick has been recovered most frequently from the western fence lizard (Scelopoms occidentalis) (22,23), other reptiles, and rodent or avian species. The optimum growth temperature for the Y32T group of spiroplasmas (30 to 32°C) suggests that reptiles or other poikilotherms might be more important reservoirs of the organisms than mammals or avian hosts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Eight strains of mollicutes were isolated from pooled suspensions prepared from western black-legged ticks (Ixodes puciJicus) collected in Oregon. Morphologic examination by electron and dark-field microscopic techniques showed that each strain consisted of a mixture of motile, tightly coiled helical cells, small coccoid cells with diameters ranging from 300 to 500 nm, and pleomorphic, straight or branched filamentous forms. All cellular forms were surrounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane, and there was no evidence of a cell wall. The organisms were filterable and fastidious in their growth requirements. The optimum temperature for growth was 30°C, but multiplication occurred at temperatures ranging from 23 to 32°C. The strains catabolized glucose but did not hydrolyze arginine or urea. The genome size of strain Y32T (T = type strain) was 2,220 kbp, and the DNA base composition (guanine-plus-cytosine content) of this organism was 25 k 1 mol%. The eight isolates were serologically related to each other but were not related to 37 other type or representative strains belonging to the genus Spiroplasmu. Strain Y32 (= ATCC 33835) is the type strain of Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov.Spiroplasmas (class Mollicutes) are helical, motile, wall-less prokaryotes that are associated with a variety of insects, other arthropods, and some plant hosts (11,38,51). Although members of the genus Spiroplasma are usually commensal organisms in their arthropod hosts, several are pathogenic for insects and plants (11, 12,24,29,30).The occurrence of spiroplasmas in hematophagous arthropods was first demonstrated in 1976 when two serologically distinct helical mollicutes (represented by strains SMCA and 277F) were identified in rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) (4,41). Strain SMCA and two related strains were eventually characterized as Spiroplasma mirum (39). Strain 277F is serologically and genomically related to Spiroplasma citri and was assigned to subgroup 1-4 in an interim classification scheme for spiroplasmas (21,36,44). Subsequently, spiroplasmas have been identified in blood-sucking members of the Diptera, including horseflies (Tabanus spp.), deerflies (Chrysops spp.), and mosquitoes (Adedes spp., Culex spp., etc.). The current status of these organisms has been summarized in several recent reviews or reports (1, 10, 15, 18, 19,38,45).We described additional isolations of tick-associated spiroplasmas in 1981 (37), including primary isolation of seven helical mollicutes from triturates of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. While these organisms were isolated directly in SP-4 spiroplasma culture medium (43), a later report showed that most of the same isolates could be cultivated from stored triturates in several continuously maintained cultured tick cell lines (53). An extensive serologic comparison of the strains isolated from I. pacificus showed that these organisms are closely related to each other but distinct from other previously described spiroplasmas. Strain Y32T (T = type strain) was selected ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…Unfed nymphs are active throughout the day and can frequently be collected from logs, the trunks of trees (Slowik and Lane 2001b;Lane et al 2007), and from leaf litter along shaded trails (Li et al 2000). Nymphs infest hosts throughout late winter to early summer in California and the maximum abundance of nymphs on hosts occurs several weeks after the peak in larval abundance (Lane and Loye 1989;Manweiler et al 1992), though there is considerable seasonal overlap between these two life stages. In British Columbia, Arnason (1992) observed similar seasonal patterns of infestation (i.e., nymphs on hosts from April to August) and co-infestation of deer mice by larvae and nymphs.…”

Section: Natural Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

Danks¹

2017

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“…I. scapularis is found also throughout the southeastern U.S. (Merten and Durden, 2000), but the incidence of LD in the southern states is rare (approximately 0.5 per 100,000 population) (Orloski et al, 2000). Unlike I. scapularis feeding on mammals, I. pacificus ticks feed primarily on the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis (Lane, 1990;Manweiler et al, 1992). The blood of this lizard is toxic to B.…”

Section: A Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of secA-sod operon in Borrellia burgdorferi.

Nichols¹

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Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been characterized as a microaerophilic spirochete. O2 consumption and utilization potentially yield reactive oxygen intermediates, such as superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. This study investigated the expression of the sod gene, which encodes the only, identified oxidative defense mechanism in B. burgdorferi. Using primer extension analysis and RT-PCR, it was found that sod and secA are organized as a single transcriptional unit under the control of σ 70 -like promoter upstream of the secA open reading frame. Generally, gene expression decreases with increased distance from the promoter; however, secA expression was observed to be relatively lower amounts than sod. Both genes were expressed in all phases of growth, with greatest expression observed in stationary phase. Because transcription of most sod genes is tightly regulated by iron concentration, the secA-sod gene expression was analyzed in borrelial cells grown in varying amounts of metal. Ironrestriction did not significantly affect growth nor did it affect transcription of secA or sod.Likewise, no major differences in transcription were observed with restricting or supplementing media with manganese. To test the possibility that the borrelial SOD may function with either iron or manganese as a cofactor as in cambialistic SODs, SOD activity was assayed and the highest activity was observed in increased manganese concentrations.Protein expression profiles of Sh-2-82 cultured in metal-defined media were investigated by one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Approximately 15 proteins were differentially expressed in response to metal concentration. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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The Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus Occidentalis: Evidence of Field Exposure to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Relation to Infestation by Ixodes Pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

Characterization of secA-sod operon in Borrellia burgdorferi.

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