“…A network of continuously operating GNSS reference stations [34] has been established by the Technical University of Crete in western Crete as early as 2001. This supports the PFAC operations.…”
Satellite altimetry provides exceptional means for absolute and undisputable monitoring of changes in sea level and inland waters (rivers and lakes), over regional to global scales, with accuracy and with respect to the center of mass of the Earth. Altimetry system’s responses have to be continuously monitored for their quality, biases, errors, drifts, etc. with calibration. Absolute calibration of altimeters is achieved by external and independent to satellite facilities on the ground. This is the mainstay for a continuous, homogenous, and reliable monitoring of the earth and its oceans. This paper describes the development of the Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration in Gavdos/Crete, Greece, as of 2001 along with its infrastructure and instrumentation. Calibration results are presented for the reference missions of Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3. Then, this work continues with the determination of relative calibrations with respect to reference missions for Sentinel-3A, HY-2A, and SARAL/AltiKa. Calibration results are also given for Jason-2 and Jason-3 altimeters using the transponder at the CDN1 Cal/Val site on the mountains of Crete, with simultaneous comparisons against sea-surface calibration and during their tandem mission. Finally, the paper presents procedures for estimating uncertainties for altimeter calibration to meet the Fiducial Reference Measurement standards.
“…A network of continuously operating GNSS reference stations [34] has been established by the Technical University of Crete in western Crete as early as 2001. This supports the PFAC operations.…”
Satellite altimetry provides exceptional means for absolute and undisputable monitoring of changes in sea level and inland waters (rivers and lakes), over regional to global scales, with accuracy and with respect to the center of mass of the Earth. Altimetry system’s responses have to be continuously monitored for their quality, biases, errors, drifts, etc. with calibration. Absolute calibration of altimeters is achieved by external and independent to satellite facilities on the ground. This is the mainstay for a continuous, homogenous, and reliable monitoring of the earth and its oceans. This paper describes the development of the Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration in Gavdos/Crete, Greece, as of 2001 along with its infrastructure and instrumentation. Calibration results are presented for the reference missions of Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3. Then, this work continues with the determination of relative calibrations with respect to reference missions for Sentinel-3A, HY-2A, and SARAL/AltiKa. Calibration results are also given for Jason-2 and Jason-3 altimeters using the transponder at the CDN1 Cal/Val site on the mountains of Crete, with simultaneous comparisons against sea-surface calibration and during their tandem mission. Finally, the paper presents procedures for estimating uncertainties for altimeter calibration to meet the Fiducial Reference Measurement standards.
“…Today, through the use of GNSS receivers together with geodetic surveying instruments and data processing methods, ground deformation can be accurately monitored to 1-2 mm in horizontal and vertical directions. For the last two decades, GNSS observations have been widely used for monitoring crustal deformation (McClusky et al 2000;Reilinger et al 2006;Aktug et al 2009;Erdogan et al 2009;Biessy et al 2011;Yavasoglu et al 2011;Mahmoud et al 2012;Tatar et al 2012;Tserolas et al 2012;. Furthermore, GNSS measurements are used in scientific investigations in order to detect pre-or post-seismic strain changes in crustal displacements during earthquakes and in the surrounding area.…”
“…In this respect, new features in seismometric records have been discovered and studied in the recent past (Guilhem et al, 2008;Lucente et al, 2010;Fuchs et al, 2014). Beside seismometric recordings, slow deformation observations and laboratory experimental simulations contributed to give new important pre-seismic information (Chlieh et al, 2004;Liu et al, 2004;Tserolas et al, 2012;Jebur et al, 2014;Spagnuolo et al, 2015). Nevertheless, the physical processes taking place on time scales ranging from few years to few hours before the seismic rupture still remain mostly unknown.…”
Abstract. The 2012 Pollino (Calabria, Italy) seismic sequence, culminating in the Mw 5.2 earthquake of 25 October 2012, is investigated, exploiting data collected during a long-term continuous radon monitoring experiment performed in the epicentral area from late 2011 to the end of 2014. We analyse data collected both using a phenomenological approach based on quantitative evidence and a purely numerical analysis including the following: (i) correlation and cross-correlation investigations; (ii) an original approach aimed at limiting the impact of meteorological parameters variations on the interpretation of measured radon levels; (iii) a change point analysis; (iv) the implementation of an original detection algorithm aimed at highlighting the connections between radon emission variations and major seismic events occurrence. Results from both approaches suggest that radon monitoring stations can be subject to massive site effects, especially regarding rainfall, making data interpretation harder. The availability of long-term continuous measurements is crucial to precisely assess those effects. Nevertheless, statistical analysis shows a viable approach for quantitatively relating radon emanation variations to seismic energy release. Although much work is still needed to make radon time series analysis a robust complement to traditional seismological tools, this work has identified a characteristic variation in radon exhalation during the preparation process of large earthquakes.
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