The Western Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes Pacificus: A Vector of Borrelia Burgdorferi

Burgdorfer, Willy; Lane, Robert S.; Barbour, Alan G.; Gresbrink, Robert A.; Anderson, John R.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.925

Cited by 233 publications

(129 citation statements)

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“…As such, parasites are the primary vectors of many disease-causing bacteria. Ticks transmit the causative agent of Lyme Disease, Borrelia burgdorferi (Burgdorfer et al, 1985;Piesman et al, 1987;Parola and Didier, 2001), and Rickettsial diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Dumler and Bakken, 1998;Parola and Didier, 2001;Parola et al, 2005); fleas transmit the causative agent of bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis (Perry and Fetherston, 1997;Gage and Kosoy, 2005), Rickettsial diseases such as Rickettsia felis (Adams et al, 1990;Azad et al, 1997;Raoult et al, 2001), and a number of diseases caused by strains of Bartonella (Chomel et al, 1996;Higgins et al, 1996). However, disease agents coexist with other nonpathogenic members of the diverse bacterial communities that all animals harbor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species

2009

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A common strategy of pathogenic bacteria is to form close associations with parasitic insects that feed on animals and to use these insects as vectors for their own transmission. Pathogens interact closely with other coexisting bacteria within the insect, and interactions between co-occurring bacteria may influence the vector competency of the parasite. Interactions between particular lineages can be explored through measures of a-diversity. Furthermore, general patterns of bacterial community assembly can be explored through measures of b-diversity. Here, we use pyrosequencing (n ¼ 115 924 16S rRNA gene sequences) to describe the bacterial communities of 230 prairie dog fleas sampled across space and time. We use these communinty characterizations to assess interactions between dominant community members and to explore general patterns of bacterial community assembly in fleas. An analysis of co-occurrence patterns suggests non-neutral negative interactions between dominant community members (Po0.001). Furthermore, bacterial communities of fleas shift dramatically across years (phylotype-based: R ¼ 0.829, Po0.001; phylogeneticbased: R ¼ 0.612-0.753, Po0.001), but they also significantly differ across space (phylotype-based: R ¼ 0.418, Po0.001; phylogenetic-based: R ¼ 0.290-0.328, Po0.001) and between flea species (phylotype-based: R ¼ 0.160, P ¼ 0.011; phylogenetic-based: not significant). Collectively, our results show that flea-associated bacterial communities are not random assemblages; rather, an individual flea's bacterial community is governed by interactions between bacterial lineages and by the flea's place in space and time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species

2009

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“…The spread of Lyme disease into its current distribution in the US is primarily due to the recent range expansion of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of B. burgdorferi to humans (5). A notable exception is in the Pacific coast states where B. burgdorferi is transmitted by a different tick species, Ixodes pacificus (6).…”

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Phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States reflects multiple independent Lyme disease emergence events

Hoen

Margos

Bent

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

149

178

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Since its first description in coastal Connecticut in 1976, both the incidence of Lyme disease and the geographic extent of endemic areas in the US have increased dramatically. The rapid expansion of Lyme disease into its current distribution in the eastern half of the US has been due to the range expansion of the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, upon which the causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi is dependent for transmission to humans. In this study, we examined the phylogeographic population structure of B. burgdorferi throughout the range of I. scapularis-borne Lyme disease using multilocus sequence typing based on bacterial housekeeping genes. We show that B. burgdorferi populations from the Northeast and Midwest are genetically distinct, but phylogenetically related. Our findings provide strong evidence of prehistoric population size expansion and east-to-west radiation of descendent clones from founding sequence types in the Northeast. Estimates of the time scale of divergence of northeastern and midwestern populations suggest that B. burgdorferi was present in these regions of North America many thousands of years before European settlements. We conclude that B. burgdorferi populations have recently reemerged independently out of separate relict foci, where they have persisted since precolonial times.geography ͉ phylogeny ͉ ticks ͉ multilocus sequence typing

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“…dammini (= 7. scapularis Say Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin [Oliver et al 1993]) (Bosler et al 1983, Piesman et al 1986, Magnarelli et al 1987, /. scapularis (Magnarelli et al 1986), and Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (Burgdorfer et al 1985, Lane & Burgdorfer 1987, Schoeler & Lane 1993 have shown very low rates of passage of B. burgdorferi from infected females to their progeny (<3%). However, in Europe the transovarial transmission of B. burgdorferi in 7. ricinus is less well known , Stanek et al 1986.…”

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Infection of Field-Collected Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Larvae with Borrelia burgdorferi in Switzerland

Zhioua

Aeschlimann

Gern

1994

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Free-living larvae from natural areas in five regions in Switzerland were collected to determine the infection rate of Ixodes ricinus L. larvae by Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson. Larvae were examined for the spirochetes using direct fluorescent antibody assay. Of 652 larvae examined, spirochetes were detected in 20 (3.1%). No differences in infection rate among sites were detected. The low prevalence of B. burgdorferi in larvae, compared with higher infection rate in nymphs (12.8%) and adults (14.5%), suggests that transovarial transmission is inefficient. These results suggest that /. ricinus can serve as a reservoir for B. burgdorferi in nature. Further study is needed on the relative importance of ticks, compared with mammals and birds, as reservoirs for B. burgdorferi.

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The Western Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes Pacificus: A Vector of Borrelia Burgdorferi

Cited by 233 publications

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Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species

Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species

Phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States reflects multiple independent Lyme disease emergence events

Infection of Field-Collected Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Larvae with Borrelia burgdorferi in Switzerland

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