The well-modulated lobster: The roles of serotonin, octopamine, and proctolin in the lobster nervous system

Kravitz, Edward A.; Beltz, Barbara S.; Glusman, Silvio; Goy, Michael F.; Harris‐Warrick, Ronald M.; Johnston, Michael F.; Livingstone, Margaret S.; Schwarz, Thomas L.

doi:10.1016/0048-3575(84)90083-x

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Functionally antagonistic effects of serotonin and octopamine were also found in other insects and crustaceans (Livingstone et al 1980;Kravitz et al 1985;Harris-Warrick and Kravitz 1984;Linn and Roelofs 1986;Claassen and Kammer 1986). Although serotonin and octopamine can modulate behavioral responses in a functionally antagonistic way, this is not a general characteristic in different invertebrate nervous systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The modulatory effects of serotonin and octopamine in the visual system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Erber

Kloppenburg

1995

J Comp Physiol A

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1. Honeybees respond to a stripe pattern moving up-and downward with direction specific antennal responses. The reflex can be evoked for one antenna by stimulating the ipsilateral compound eye. The direction specific antennal response (DAR) was measured with an optoelectronic device. The effects of local injection of serotonin and octopamine into different neuropils of the visual system were determined by observing changes in the direction-specific antennal response.2. Serotonin application (approximately 500 pl at a concentration of 10 -5 M) into the ipsilateral lobula leads to an immediate and long lasting (at least 30 min) decrease of the DAR when the ipsilateral compound eye is stimulated. The response to stimulation of the contralateral eye is also reduced.3. Octopamine application (approximately 500 pl at a concentration of 10 -6 M) into the ipsilateral lobula leads to a small enhancement of the DAR. The effect is similar when the ipsi-or contralateral eye is stimulated.4. The modulation of the direction-specific antennal response is dose-dependent for serotonin. The two amines act in a functionally antagonistic way.5. Serotonin injection (approximately 500 pl, 10 -5 M) into the medulla or lamina leads to lasting reductions of the ipsilateral DAR whereas octopamine has no effect.6. The experiments suggest that octopamine and serotonin are functionally antagonistic in their modulation of motion-sensitive neurons in the lobula and that serotonin can modulate visual neurons also in other optic neuropils.Key words Honeybee 9 Visual behavior 9 Modulation Serotonin 9 Octopamine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The modulatory effects of serotonin and octopamine in the visual system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Erber

Kloppenburg

1995

J Comp Physiol A

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“…This raises the possibility that some (or all) of the many known cardioexcitatory modulators may exert their effects on heart contractility solely by increasing the burst rate of the cardiac ganglion. Alternatively, cardioactive agents like serotonin, octopamine, and proctolin, which have been shown to enhance contractility at other types of neuromuscular junctions (Kravitz et al, 1985), may augment their chronotropic effects on the cardiac ganglion with a direct inotropic action on heart muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Rate and Strength of Cardiac Contractions in the LobsterHomarus americanusby Acting on the Cardiac Ganglion

et al. 2004

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The lobster heart is synaptically driven by the cardiac ganglion, a spontaneously bursting neural network residing within the cardiac lumen. Here, we present evidence that nitric oxide (NO) plays an inhibitory role in lobster cardiac physiology. (1) NO decreases heartbeat frequency and amplitude. Decreased frequency is a direct consequence of a decreased ganglionic burst rate. Decreased amplitude is an indirect consequence of decreased burst frequency, attributable to the highly facilitating nature of the synapses between cardiac ganglion neurons and muscle fibers (although, during prolonged exposure to NO, amplitude recovers to the original level by a frequencyindependent adaptation mechanism). NO does not alter burst duration, spikes per burst, heart muscle contractility, or amplitudes of synaptic potentials evoked by stimulating postganglionic motor nerves. Thus, NO acts on the ganglion, but not on heart muscle. (2) Two observations suggest that NO is produced within the lobster heart. First, immunoblot analysis shows that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is strongly expressed in heart muscle relative to other muscles. Second, L-nitroarginine (L-NA), an NOS inhibitor, increases the rate of the heartbeat (opposite to the effects of NO). In contrast, the isolated ganglion is insensitive to L-NA, suggesting that heart muscle (but not the ganglion) produces endogenous NO. Basal heart rate varies from animal to animal, and L-NA has the greatest effect on the slowest hearts, presumably because these hearts are producing the most NO. Thus, because the musculature is a site of NOS expression, whereas the ganglion is the only intracardiac target of NO, we hypothesize that NO serves as an inhibitory retrograde transmitter.

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“…Second, stretch-sensitive dendrites on the neurons of the CG are thought to play a generally excitatory role (Alexandrowicz, 1932;Garcia-Crescioni et al, 2010;Sakurai and Wilkens, 2003). While there is considerable evidence indicating that crustacean neuromuscular junction (Kreissl et al, 1999;Stevens et al, 2009) and muscle, including cardiac muscle (Dickinson, 1995;Kravitz et al, 1984;Kreissl et al, 1999;Stevens et al, 2009), are modulated, it is not yet clear whether the feedback pathways themselves are likewise subject to modulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-animal variability in the effects of C-type allatostatin on the cardiac neuromuscular system in the lobster Homarus americanus

Wiwatpanit

Powers

Dickinson

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAlthough the global effects of many modulators on pattern generators are relatively consistent among preparations, modulators can induce different alterations in different preparations. We examined the mechanisms that underlie such variability in the modulatory effects of the peptide C-type allatostatin (C-AST; pQIRYHQCYFNPISCF) on the cardiac neuromuscular system of the lobster Homarus americanus. Perfusion of C-AST through the semi-intact heart consistently decreased the frequency of ongoing contractions. However, the effect of C-AST on contraction amplitude varied between preparations, decreasing in some preparations and increasing in others. To investigate this variable effect, we examined the effects of C-AST both peripherally and centrally. When contractions of the myocardium were elicited by controlled stimuli, C-AST did not alter heart contraction at the periphery (myocardium or neuromuscular junction) in any hearts. However, when applied either to the semi-intact heart or to the cardiac ganglion (CG) isolated from hearts that responded to C-AST with increased contraction force, C-AST increased both motor neuron burst duration and the number of spikes per burst by about 25%. In contrast, CG output was increased only marginally in hearts that responded to C-AST with a decrease in contraction amplitude, suggesting that the decrease in amplitude in those preparations resulted from decreased peripheral facilitation. Our data suggest that the differential effects of a single peptide on the cardiac neuromuscular system are due solely to differential effects of the peptide on the pattern generator; the extent to which the peptide induces increased burst duration is crucial in determining its overall effect on the system.

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The well-modulated lobster: The roles of serotonin, octopamine, and proctolin in the lobster nervous system

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

The modulatory effects of serotonin and octopamine in the visual system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

The modulatory effects of serotonin and octopamine in the visual system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Rate and Strength of Cardiac Contractions in the LobsterHomarus americanusby Acting on the Cardiac Ganglion

Inter-animal variability in the effects of C-type allatostatin on the cardiac neuromuscular system in the lobster Homarus americanus

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