The Weak Sustainability of the Salmon Feed Transition in Norway – A Bioeconomic Case Study

Abstract

This paper investigates transition pathways using an example from the bioeconomy: salmon farming and feed development in Norway. With a Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), the analysis shows how a crucial biological input factor, feed, was gradually developed and innovated through interactions among technologies, institutions, and landscape (external) pressures, with the industry's ambitions of becoming more sustainable. The case story presents the start of salmon farming as an example of an incremental transformation pathway with gradual reorientations in the 1960s', where the shift from wet feed to dry, extruded feed was a crucial technological enabler. At the start of the 1990s, strong exogenous changes, including an economic crisis of overproduction and declines in salmon prices, led to extensive institutional changes. Shifts in ownership and the introduction of feed quotas brought a substitution pathway, whereby salmon farming became a national economic project. As production recovered, however, overfishing for feed became a concern. From the late 1990s on, the sociotechnical regime followed a reconfiguration pathway with the innovation of among others plant-based feed input. Over time, using vegetarian salmon feed has had unintended consequences, particularly environmental and social problems related to soy production. While neither technologies nor transitions in themselves are sustainable, this case exhibits a shift in transition pathways and how the salmon farming industry was able to respond to different sustainability concerns over time. Yet, as the transition to soy-based salmon feed demonstrates, this development entails only a weak sustainability with a main focus on economic sustainability, which also could be the case as new innovative feed substitutions continue to evolve. This finding is line with the critique of the bioeconomy agenda for paying insufficient attention to environmental sustainability and for failing to challenge predominant structures in society.

A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture

“…For example, between 2000 and 2016, the Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry cut its shares of marine protein in feed from 33.5% to 14.5% and marine oils from 31.1% to 10.4%, and increased the shares of plant proteins from 22.2% to 40.3% and terrestrial oils from 0 to 20.2% 76 . Despite its success in substituting fishmeal and fish oil with plant-based alternatives, including non-genetically engineered soy, the industry has been under pressure to identify new feed sources to eliminate the environmental damages associated with forest conversion to crop production in Brazil 77 , and parts of the industry have already banned the use of Brazilian soy in aquafeed.…”

Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice

“…The inclusion of marine oil in Norwegian fish feed has the recent years decreased since marine ingredients have gradually been replaced with alternatives, primarily of terrestrial agricultural origin [8,9]. This has led to reduced n-3/n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) ratios in farmed salmon.…”

Mass Cultivation of Microalgae: I. Experiences with Vertical Column Airlift Photobioreactors, Diatoms and CO2 Sequestration

“…Analysis of chemical content, pollution and suitability of the biomass as feed/food were also planned. In recent decades, marine ingredients in Norwegian salmon feed have to a large degree been replaced by biomass of terrestrial origin [77,78], leading to, e.g., reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) content in feed and salmon. This negatively affects the early development of salmon tissue and organs, resistance to infections and fish health [79], and it can also reduce positive health effects of omega-3 on humans [80].…”