The “ways” we look at dreams: evidence from unilateral spatial neglect (with an evolutionary account of dream bizarreness)

Doricchi, Fabrizio; Iaria, Giuseppe; Silvetti, Massimo; Figliozzi, Francesca; Siegler, Isabelle

doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0750-x

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Therefore, we cannot directly aYrm the relationship between the direction of REMs and the gaze of the dreamer at the dream scene, as proposed in the "scanning hypothesis" (Dement and Kleitman 1957). In relation to the scanning hypothesis, however, Doricchi et al (2007) recently reported that a left unilateral neglect patient showed the selective disappearance of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and Nystagmoid-REMs in one horizontal direction, suggesting that morphologically diVerent types of REMs exist in humans: Nystagmoid-REMs, which share phylogenetically ancient oculomotor mechanisms with OKN, and otherwise. V1 showed distinct activation in both the event-related analysis and the time-course analysis.…”

Section: Activation Preceding Remmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…On the basis of their Wndings, they showed that morphologically diVerent types of REMs exist in human REM sleep. Although their results and "evolutionary hypothesis" (Doricchi et al 2007) are intriguing, they…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a long-standing debate about whether REMs are functionally equivalent to waking saccades and about whether there is a relationship between the visual content of a dream and REMs in humans (Dement and Kleitman 1957;RoVwarg et al 1962;Hobson and McCarley 1977;Doricchi et al 2007). A number of imaging and psychophysiological studies have addressed this issue using a variety of investigative approaches in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the lack of temporal resolution makes PET scans and non-event-related fMRI analysis unable to distinguish between tonic activations throughout REM sleep and phasic activations temporally related to REMs. Taking a diVerent approach to this question, Doricchi et al carried out neuropsychological studies in which the functional equivalence between REMs and waking saccades was investigated in spatial hemineglect patients (Doricchi et al 1993(Doricchi et al , 1996(Doricchi et al , 2007. On the basis of their Wndings, they showed that morphologically diVerent types of REMs exist in human REM sleep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

et al. 2008

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To identify the neural substrate of rapid eye movements (REMs) during REM sleep in humans, we conducted simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and polysomnographic recording during REM sleep. Event-related fMRI analysis time-locked to the occurrence of REMs revealed that the pontine tegmentum, ventroposterior thalamus, primary visual cortex, putamen and limbic areas (the anterior cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala) were activated in association with REMs. A control experiment during which subjects made self-paced saccades in total darkness showed no activation in the visual cortex. The REM-related activation of the primary visual cortex without visual input from the retina provides neural evidence for the existence of human pontogeniculo-occipital waves (PGO waves) and a link between REMs and dreaming. Furthermore, the time-course analysis of blood oxygenation level-dependent responses indicated that the activation of the pontine tegmentum, ventroposterior thalamus and primary visual cortex started before the occurrence of REMs. On the other hand, the activation of the putamen and limbic areas accompanied REMs. The activation of the parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala simultaneously with REMs suggests that REMs and/or their generating mechanism are not merely an epiphenomenon of PGO waves, but may be linked to the triggering activation of these areas.

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Section: Activation Preceding Remmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

et al. 2008

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“…However, these experiments were based on small sample sizes and the results have not been replicated in subsequent experiments. Doricchi et al (2006) claim that “despite decades of research, the question of whether the REMs of paradoxical sleep (PS) are equivalent to waking saccades and whether their direction is congruent with visual spatial events in the dream scene is still very controversial”. According to Hobson et al (2000), “further evidence would be required to confirm [the scanning] hypothesis”.…”

Section: Room For Skepticism: What the Received View Does Not Explainmentioning

confidence: 99%

What I make up when I wake up: anti-experience views and narrative fabrication of dreams

Rosen

2013

Front. Psychol.

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I propose a narrative fabrication thesis of dream reports, according to which dream reports are often not accurate representations of experiences that occur during sleep. I begin with an overview of anti-experience theses of Norman Malcolm and Daniel Dennett who reject the received view of dreams, that dreams are experiences we have during sleep which are reported upon waking. Although rejection of the first claim of the received view, that dreams are experiences that occur during sleep, is implausible, I evaluate in more detail the second assumption of the received view, that dream reports are generally accurate. I then propose a “narrative fabrication” view of dreams as an alternative to the received view. Dream reports are often confabulated or fabricated because of poor memory, bizarre dream content, and cognitive deficits. It is well documented that narratives can be altered between initial rapid eye movement sleep awakenings and subsequent reports. I argue that we have reason to suspect that initial reports are prone to inaccuracy. Experiments demonstrate that subjects rationalize strange elements in narratives, leaving out supernatural or bizarre components when reporting waking memories of stories. Inaccuracies in dream reports are exacerbated by rapid memory loss and bizarre dream content. Waking memory is a process of reconstruction and blending of elements, but unlike waking memory, we cannot reality-test for dream memories. Dream experiences involve imaginative elements, and dream content cannot be verified with external evidence. Some dreams may involve wake-like higher cognitive functions, such as lucid dreams. Such dreams are more likely to elicit accurate reports than cognitively deficient dreams. However, dream reports are generally less accurate than waking reports. I then propose methods which could verify the narrative fabrication view, and argue that although the theory cannot be tested with current methods, new techniques and technologies may be able to do so in the future.

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Disorders of Sensory Selective Attention

Cohen

2013

The Neuropsychology of Attention

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The “ways” we look at dreams: evidence from unilateral spatial neglect (with an evolutionary account of dream bizarreness)

Cited by 30 publications

References 53 publications

Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

What I make up when I wake up: anti-experience views and narrative fabrication of dreams

Disorders of Sensory Selective Attention

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