The way to the energy sustainable world

Sustainable energy system with zero emissions of GHG for cities and countries

“…Data are quite different from the data published in [9] 14 years ago. Technology development, energy efficiency and societal changes in the near future can bring the society near to use less than 2/3 toe/y, cap?…”

“…The reasons are environmental changes on the planet, because of burning the fossil fuels. Market share of different energy carriers has changed in the past not because of shortage, but because the new energy carriers gave us some advantages by using new technologies [9]. Wood replaced coal-with introduction of steam engines, coal replaced by oil-with development of internal combustion engines, gas replaced the oil-with pipe line distribution and lower emissions, nuclear started to replace coal in power plants because of fuel logistic, etc.…”

“…To minimize the GHG emissions we propose to create in the next 50 to 100 years a new world sustainable energy system (SES) with no environmental limitations [9][10][11].…”

Exergy as Measure of Sustainability of Energy System

“…The sustainable exergy system (SES) as proposed in [16] consists of three main renewable exergy (energy) carriers, needed in industry, transport, services and homes renewable electricity, gas (synthetic methane CH 4 ; s-methane), liquid (synthetic methanol CH 3 OH; s-methanol) and as fourth solid fuels from biomass (important for developing countries). Renewable electricity is the main driver in the system used for transformation of two natural flows, water and biomass into two new exergy carriers used also as chemical storage of solar electricity (Figure 5).…”

“…The mean harmonized ExPBT varied from 1.0 to 4.1 years; from lowest to highest, the module types ranked in the following order: cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), amorphous silicon (a:Si), ExPBT = 0.2÷1.4. For poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si), and mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) ExPBT = 1.5÷2.7 [16,17]. The mean harmonized ExROExI varied from 3 to 10 with mean 6.6 in [29] and from 8.7 to 34.2 in [16,17,23].…”