The water footprint and nutritional implications of diet change in Mexico: a principal component analysis

Development of a Mexican online nutritional ecologic software for dietary assessment, automatic calculation of diet quality, and dietary environmental impact

“…Instead of numbers, the diet was quali ed as 'inadequate' or 'adequate' with letters from a to d, according to adherence to the parameters established and shown in Table 2. Additionally, for providing grades to the level of 'adequate', a tertile analysis was performed based on the nutritional data reported in Lares-Michel et al (76) , where a dietary and environmental impact assessment was performed in a representative sample of Mexican population. Full description of this analysis is shown in Supplementary Material 5.…”

“…That is the "adequate" aspect, which evaluates if the diet is in accordance with food culture and economic aspects in Mexico. This aspect can be useful for analyzing diet change processes such as nutrition transition (76) . Although the "varied" aspect was not modi ed, the inclusion of more foods in the FFQ, which were added to the food groups and subgroups, indirectly improved that aspect by providing more "variety" options.…”

“…However, food classi cation in groups is common (1) . Although both 24-hour recalls and FFQ are valid dietary assessment methods, FFQ reports habitual food intake for speci c periods and can be superior to 24-hour recalls when measuring dietary patterns through posteriori methods like cluster analysis, principal component analysis, or reduced rank regression (1,22,23) . 24-hour recalls must be applied on three or more occasions and non-consecutive days if assessing habitual diet (21,24) .…”

“…7 Almaguer-González et al(71) ;8 Ortiz-Hernández et al(74) . * For classifying the "adequate" aspect of the IACDMx, consumption tertiles were calculated based on the dietary data reported in Lares-Michel et al(76) , full description of this analysis is shown in Supplementary Material 5.…”

Sustainable-psycho-nutritional intervention programme for a sustainable diet (the ‘NutriSOS’ study) and its effects on eating behaviour, diet quality, nutritional status, physical activity, metabolic biomarkers, gut microbiota and water and carbon footprints in Mexican population: study protocol of an mHealth randomised controlled trial

“…The change from the traditional Mexican diet to a Western diet (i.e., increases in animal and ultra-processed foods intake and decreases in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts), generated by the nutritional transition, has not only propitiated a prevalence of more than 75% of metabolic alterations (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia) (2)(3)(4) and in the gut microbiota of the Mexican population (5) , but it has also generated the water and carbon footprints of their diet to be among the highest's in the world with more than 8,000 Liters per person per day (L p -1 d -1 ) (6) and 3.9 Kg CO 2 eq p -1 d -1 (7) , respectively. This is linked to the aggravation of climate change, with increases of more than 1.0 ºC in the average atmospheric temperatures since the industrial revolution in the year 1760 (8) and the current water crisis that Mexico is going through, which affects 85% of the territory and has been referred to as the worst water drought in history, affecting the water supply of millions of Mexicans (2,9) .…”