The Water Availability on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the Implementation of the Grain for Green Project as Indicated by the Evaporative Stress Index

Abstract

The vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau (LP) of China has clearly increased since the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in 1999, but there is a debate about whether the improved greenness was achieved at the expense of the balance between the supply and demand of water resources. Therefore, developing reliable indicators to evaluate the water availability is a prerequisite for maintaining ecological sustainability and ensuring the persistence of vegetation restoration. This study was designed to evaluate water availability on the LP during 2000–2015, using the evaporative stress index (ESI) derived from a remote sensing dataset. The relative dependences of the ESI on climatic and biological factors (including temperature, precipitation and land cover change) were also analyzed. The results showed that the leaf area index (LAI) in most regions of the LP showed a significant increasing trend (p < 0.05), and larger gradients of increase were mainly detected in the central and eastern parts of the LP. The evapotranspiration also exhibited an increasing trend in the central and eastern parts of the LP, with a gradient greater than 10 mm/year. However, almost the whole LP exhibited a decreased ESI from 2000 to 2015, and the largest decrease occurred on the central and eastern LP, indicating a wetting trend. The soil moisture storage in the 0–289-cm soil profiles showed an increasing trend in the central and eastern LP, and the area with an upward trend enlarged with the soil depth. Further analysis revealed that the decreased ESI on the central and eastern LP mainly depended on the increase in the LAI compared with climatic influences. This work not only demonstrated that the ESI was a useful indicator for understanding the water availability in natural and managed ecosystems under climate change but also indicated that vegetation restoration might have a positive effect on water conservation on the central LP.

Interactions between soil water and plant community during vegetation succession in the restored grasslands on the Loess Plateau of China

“…High species diversity increased soil water recharge by improving soil quality and structure, at the same time high species diversity maintenance is also at the cost of soil water resource. There was a counterbalancing effect between soil water recharge and soil water usage with the increase in species diversity (Qiu et al, 2021). Besides, perennial leguminous plants with high soil water consumption increased dramatically at RG15, which was positively correlated to soil water depletion in 0–10 cm layer, which also could offset the increase effect by plant species diversity.…”

Widespread Increasing Ecosystem Water Limitation During the Past Three Decades in the Yellow River Basin, China

“…Therefore, changes in the degree of ecosystem water/energy limitation can be evaluated by analyzing changes in ELI. Unlike other traditional ecosystem water limitation measures from meteorological and drought perspectives (e.g., ET/PET) (Qiu, Chen, et al., 2021), this index combined the ecosystem water and energy limitation together to reconcile whether the surface is drying or wetting from the perspective of ecosystem functions.…”

Impact of increasing vegetation coverage on gaining and losing streams in an arid endorheic river watershed

“…So far, the role of surface hydrological processes has received particular attention (Feng et al, 2016; Lv et al, 2019; Qiu et al, 2021), whereas the role of subsurface hydrological processes has been largely overlooked (Siddik et al, 2022). In addition to the hydrological cycle, newly planted vegetation in semi‐arid areas must be irrigated to maintain its health and productivity (Qiu et al, 2021). Previous studies on the influence of irrigation on vegetation productivity have been performed in agricultural contexts (Ochoa et al, 2013; Pulido‐Bosch et al, 2018; Yan et al, 2022).…”