The WASH Benefits and SHINE Trials. Interpretation of Findings on Linear Growth and Diarrhoea and Implications for Policy: Perspective of the Investigative Teams (P10-136-19)

Abstract

Objectives We recently completed 3 efficacy trials (Bangladesh, Kenya, Zimbabwe) testing the independent and combined effects of improved complementary feeding (CF) and intensive household water quality, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on child diarrhea and length-for-age-Z-score (LAZ) at 18 to 24 mo. Intervention uptake was high. In all three trials: CF increased LAZ but WASH had no effect on LAZ. WASH reduced diarrhea in Bangladesh but not in Kenya or Zimbabwe. We present a synthesis of trial findings and their implications. Methods Reviews of the literature and reanalyses of trial data were conducted. Results WASH and stunting: Copious observational studies have demonstrated a strong association between household-level WASH and child LAZ. We conducted an observational anlaysis (nested birth cohort) from our control arms. In adjusted analyses of all three trials, having an improved latrine when the pregnant woman was enrolled was associated with ∼0.2LAZ increase in her child at 18–24 mo. The frequently reported association between household WASH indicators and child growth may be confounded and drawing causal inferance misguided. WASH and diarrhea: Promoters visited intervention households 6 times per month in Bangladesh and monthly in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We conducted a systematic literature review: virtually all evidence that household water chlorination and handwashing reduce diarrhea comes from studies with daily to fortnightly intervention contact. In studies with follow-up after the trial ending, behaviors steeply declined and the effect on child diarrhea disappeared. Household water chlorination and handwashing promotion implemented through sporadic message delivery may not reduce child diarrhea. Enteropathogen transmission: Despite achieving substantial contrast between WASH and non-WASH households, children in the WASH arms still experienced high enteropathogen transmission, illustrating the recalcitrance of pervasive fecal contamination in rural low-income communities to even intense intervention. Conclusions Household WASH interventions are unlikely to reduce child stunting and may not reduce child diarrhea. We call for substantial investment in research to identify and in programming to deliver much more efficacious interventions. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, DFID/UKAID, Wellcome Trust.

Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Approaches: Anthropological Contributions and Future Directions for Engineering

“…Calls for more human-focused research on WASH experiences are often noted in engineering literature. As evidenced by the results from the recent Shine and WASH Benefits clinical trials (Humphrey et al, 2019;Pickering et al, 2019), there is a need for more qualitative/local perspectives and a more comprehensive understanding of what WASH entails, that is, a more ''transformative'' WASH. The uneven success of over fifty years of development initiatives indicates the need for sophisticated, integrated approaches to improving health and well-being through a better understanding of sociotechnical and socioenvironmental relationships.…”

Determinants of Childhood Zoonotic Enteric Infections in a Semirural Community of Quito, Ecuador

“…1 There is also a growing body of evidence that enteric infections, many of which are asymptomatic, can detrimentally affect growth and absorption of nutrients in children. 3 Recent controlled trials that have aimed to reduce fecal exposures through improved WASH have not had the expected impact, [4][5][6] and research suggests that fecal matter from domestic animals could be an important component missing from these interventions. [7][8][9][10][11] In the United States, researchers have estimated that 14% of enteric infections are attributable to direct contact with animals.…”