The Wartegg Zeichen Test: A literature overview and a meta-analysis of reliability and validity.

Grønnerød, Jarna Soilevuo; Grønnerød, Cato

doi:10.1037/a0026100

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Verifying the similarity between the systems can favor the creation of a new system for the Wartegg Test based on an instrument already widely used and researched, such as the Rorschach, as indicated by Gronnerod and Gronnerod (2012). In addition, it can facilitate studies between the instruments as evidence of validity and consequential validity conferring a better degree of agreement between the judges for the Wartegg Test, in the interpretation and reliability, as verifi ed by Costantino et al (1995), Exner (1999) and Weiner (2000) for the Rorschach.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Souza, Primi, and Miguel (2007) highlighted that, although many interpretations based on the results of the Wartegg Test do not have empirical support, some variables seem to be associated with personality traits and, therefore, they suggest new studies that make their verifi cation and comprehension possible. Gronnerod and Gronnerod (2012) also stated that interpretations made from the results of the Wartegg Test can reach levels comparable with other evaluation methods. Furthermore, the authors pointed out that there is no reason to reject it as a personality assessment method, however, it is necessary to construct a solid system, with studies generating accumulated knowledge for its use.…”

Section: Wartegg Test Coding Systemsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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A Study of Coding Systems for the Wartegg Test and their Relations with the Rorschach (R- PAS)

Pessotto¹,

Primi²

2018

Temas Psicol.

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The Wartegg Test is composed of eight squares with small graphical stimuli in which the person must elaborate drawings from them. Although existing for almost 80 years, it still features inconsistencies in terms of validity evidence and, therefore, its use in decision making. This research aimed to propose a new mode for coding and interpretation for the technique and was divided into two studies. In the fi rst, fi ve different systems were identifi ed with the aim of verifying potential variables with greater discriminative power. In the second, six judges verifi ed which Rorschach variables could be used in a similar way in the Wartegg Test. The new system proposed presents 13 groups of classifi cation criteria, such as orientation, localization, size, content, quality of the objects, form quality, common response, particular characteristics, special codes, line pressure, line type, repetition, sequence analysis and title.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wartegg Test Coding Systemsmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Study of Coding Systems for the Wartegg Test and their Relations with the Rorschach (R- PAS)

Pessotto¹,

Primi²

2018

Temas Psicol.

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“…Since this is a method-oriented review, we were primarily interested in the performance of the scale for acceptance measure. In accordance with other method-oriented systematic reviews [31], we formulate the following research questions:…”

Section: Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four team members gave support in coding and discussions. In contrast to other methodological reviews [31], we did not apply independent coding. The resources needed to double-code all 128 articles on 40 categories (at least 5,120 cells on the spreadsheet) would vastly outnumber the benefits of independent coding-particularly since most codes in all sections consisted in copy and paste of the content without assessment and decisions.…”

Section: Codingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method-oriented systematic review on the simple scale for acceptance measurement in advanced transport telematics

et al. 2021

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Acceptance intuitively is a precondition for the adaptation and use of technology. In this systematic review, we examine academic literature on the “simple scale for acceptance measurement” provided by Van der Laan, Heino, and de Waard (1997). This measure is increasingly applied in research on mobility systems without having been thoroughly analysed. This article aims to provide such a critical analysis. We identified 437 unique references in three aggregated databases and included 128 articles (N = 6,058 participants) that empirically applied the scale in this review. The typical study focused on a mobility system using a within-subjects design in a driving simulator in Europe. Based on quality indicators of transparent study aim, group allocation procedure, variable definitions, sample characteristics, (statistical) control of confounders, reproducibility, and reporting of incomplete data and test performance, many of the 128 articles exhibited room for improvements (44% below.50; range 0 to 1). Twenty-eight studies (22%) reported reliability coefficients providing evidence that the scale and its sub-scales produce reliable results (median Cronbach’s α >.83). Missing data from the majority of studies limits this conclusion. Only 2 out of 10 factor analyses replicated the proposed two-dimensional structure questioning the use of these sub-scales. Correlation results provide evidence for convergent validity of acceptance, usefulness, and satisfying with limited confidence, since only 14 studies with a median sample size of N = 40 reported correlation coefficients. With these results, the scale might be a valuable addition for technology attitude research. Firstly, we recommend thorough testing for a better understanding of acceptance, usefulness, and satisfying. Secondly, we suggest to report scale results more transparently and rigorously to enable meta-analyses in the future. The study protocol is available at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/j782c/).

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“…Note: The test is not based on a common theoretical basis and does show several critical issues [66,67].…”

Section: Wartegg Drawing Test (Wzt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Draw, Write, Speak, Play: The Role of Projection in Diagnosis and Therapy of Children and Adolescents

Maurer¹

2017

Child and Adolescent Mental Health

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In this chapter, I will (1) review the concept and function of projective mechanisms on a psychodynamic basis. In this section, I will outline the relation of projection to the unconscious, its use in innerpsychic dynamics, and the underlying mechanisms for its use in psychotherapy like creativity, imagination, and symbolization; (2) give an overview over the use of projective methods for testing and diagnosis in the psychological sciences; and (3) exemplify the use of projective methods in diagnostics and psychotherapy of children and adolescents. I will present current methods based on drawing, verbally describing and imaginating, and playing arts, focusing on sand play therapy and miniature figure play.Keywords: projective methodology, object relation theory, sandplay therapy, figure play, operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics in children and adolescents (OPD-CA-2), thematic apperception tests, narrative1. Concept and function of projective mechanisms 1.1. The relation of projections to the unconscious The Latin word "proiectus" means "to throw forth," or "to cast forward," and with regard to psychological sciences, several definitions have been provided. First of all, Sigmund Freud [1] described the "classical" projection as defense mechanism when the ego is threatened and refuses to acknowledge the trait, it attributes the trait to the outside world [2]. Later on, Freud broadened his view of projective mechanisms and refers the term projection to a general primitive mechanism, not only a defense mechanism, implying that projection may also be present when there is no conflict [3].In this sense, the attributive projection can be understood as "ascribing one's own motivations, feelings, and behavior to other persons" [2]. This definition seems to be the most common, but © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. also the most (over-)simplified one. There seem to be no relations to psychoanalytical concepts of the self, or the unconscious. Most authors use this term to describe "any kind of externalization" [2] with a correlation between characteristics of the proband and predictions or statements issued. The attributive projection is mostly similar what Horney called the "naïve" projection, which means that the subject assumes that others think, feel and behave in the same way as oneself [4]. Today, this view can be integrated into the concept of mentalization.In a third view, Murstein introduced the autistic projection as "perceived aspects of another person which are modified to accomplish own needs [2]."In the fourth mode of rationalized projection, the process of projection lies in the unconscious, but the projector is conscious of his/her behavior. In this context, the rationalized projection can be understood as "defence against guilt [2]," ...

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The Wartegg Zeichen Test: A literature overview and a meta-analysis of reliability and validity.

Cited by 21 publications

References 55 publications

A Study of Coding Systems for the Wartegg Test and their Relations with the Rorschach (R- PAS)

A Study of Coding Systems for the Wartegg Test and their Relations with the Rorschach (R- PAS)

Method-oriented systematic review on the simple scale for acceptance measurement in advanced transport telematics

Draw, Write, Speak, Play: The Role of Projection in Diagnosis and Therapy of Children and Adolescents

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