2018
DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170391
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The war on cryptococcosis: A Review of the antifungal arsenal

Abstract: Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common central nervous system infection in the world today. It occurs primarily, but not exclusively, in immunocompromised individuals and despite substantial improvement in management of clinical events like AIDS, the numbers of cases of cryptococcosis remain very high. Unfortunately, despite several antifungal agents available for treatment, morbidity and mortality rates remain high with this fungal infection. In this Review, we will describe the treatments and strategies … Show more

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Cited by 63 publications
(60 citation statements)
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“…The fact that there are no licensed antifungal vaccines underscores another clear failure in science. Similarly, reliable diagnostic methods are available for a very limited number of mycoses [23], and therapeutic options are restricted to a few classes of drugs that too frequently are associated to both intrinsic and acquired resistance [24], toxic, and expensive [25]. In fact, innovative tools to combat invasive mycoses are rare and of slow development.…”
Section: Systemic Mycoses Are Neglected Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The fact that there are no licensed antifungal vaccines underscores another clear failure in science. Similarly, reliable diagnostic methods are available for a very limited number of mycoses [23], and therapeutic options are restricted to a few classes of drugs that too frequently are associated to both intrinsic and acquired resistance [24], toxic, and expensive [25]. In fact, innovative tools to combat invasive mycoses are rare and of slow development.…”
Section: Systemic Mycoses Are Neglected Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For illustration, the most recently developed antifungals (echinocandins) were approved for clinical use in 2002 [26], reinforcing a major science failure in the area. It is noteworthy that this class of drugs is ineffective against various high-mortality mycoses [25].…”
Section: Systemic Mycoses Are Neglected Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ethyl acetate fraction was also tested in combination with FLC and AMB, drugs usually chosen to treat cryptococcosis (Mourad and Perfect, 2018). No interactions were observed between EAF and these antifungal drugs when assessed against C. gattii (ATCC 32068 and L27/01) and C. neoformans strains (ATCC 28957 and ATCC H99) ( Figure 2B).…”
Section: Characterization Of Antifungal Effects Of Leaf Ee and Eaf Ofmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The majority of cryptococcal infections occur in individuals with compromised or suppressed immune systems, such as those combating AIDS/HIV or organ transplant recipients, however infections in seemingly healthy people have also been reported (Singh et al, 2002;Litvintseva et al, 2005;Fox and Müller, 2005;Park et al, 2009;Fisher et al, 2016). If untreated, cryptococcal meningitis is uniformly fatal, and current estimates of mortality rates for individuals receiving treatment for cryptococcosis vary by region, from 10 -30% in North America to as high as 50 -70% in parts of sub-Saharan Africa (Rajasingham et al, 2017;Williamson et al, 2017;Mourad and Perfect, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%