The vulnerability of the fetal sheep brain to hypoxemia at mid-gestation

Rees, Sandra; Stringer, M; Just, Y; Hooper, Stuart B.; Harding, Richard

doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(97)81787-7

Cited by 117 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…33 In the present study, however, bronchopulmonary dysplasia alone was not associated with severe cognitive and motor deficits, though the duration of O 2 requirement, which may have included a period of hyperoxia and hypoxia, was associated with poor cognitive and motor outcomes. Reports have shown that the use of either a high oxygen concentration, which affects the inner granular cell and Purkinje cell layer, 33 or a hypoxic insult, which affects neuronal migration, 41 could influence the growth of the developing human cerebellum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain MRI Measurements at a Term-Equivalent Age and Their Relationship to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Park

Yoon

Han³

et al. 2013

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain MRI Measurements at a Term-Equivalent Age and Their Relationship to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Park

Yoon

Han³

et al. 2013

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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“…Both of these factors may have an effect on the pattern of cortical folding. 36,37 Although some environmental factors that are often involved in MR have been excluded in this study, it is still possible that other harmful environmental factors, such as hypoxia, might have an effect on the cortical folding pattern. More important, genetic factors may play a critical role in abnormal cortical development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Cortical Folding in Mental Retardation

Zhang¹,

Zhou²,

Yu³

et al. 2010

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:MR is a developmental disorder associated with impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behavior. With a 2D region of interestϪbased GI, a preliminary study reported significantly reduced gyrification in the prefrontal lobe in MR. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the abnormalities of cortical gyrification in MR and to explore the possible causes of these abnormalities.

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“…Throughout the cerebral hemispheres (gray matter, white matter, or striatum), brainstem, and spinal cord, the proportion of neuropil occupied by blood vessels was estimated by point counting (32) in thionin-stained sections to determine whether there were any long term effects on the vasculature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Matter Injury after Repeated Endotoxin Exposure in the Preterm Ovine Fetus

Duncan

2002

Pediatric Research

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Intrauterine infection has been linked to neurologic injury in preterm infants. However, a reproducible model of white matter injury in the preterm fetus in a long gestation species that can be monitored in utero is currently unavailable. Thus, our objective was to determine the effects of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on physiologic and inflammatory responses and brain structure in the preterm ovine fetus. At 0.7 of gestation, six catheterized fetuses received three to five intravenous injections of LPS (1 g/kg) over 5 d; seven fetuses served as controls. Fetal responses were monitored and brain tissue examined 10 -11 d after the initial LPS injection. After LPS on d 1 and 2, fetuses became transiently hypoxemic and hypotensive and blood IL-6 levels were increased, but these responses were smaller or absent after subsequent LPS exposures. Neural injury was observed in all LPS-exposed fetuses, most prominently in the cerebral white matter. Injury ranged from diffuse subcortical damage to periventricular leukomalacia, and in the brainstem the cross-sectional area of the corticospinal tract was reduced by 30%. Thus, repeated exposure of the preterm ovine fetus to LPS causes neuropathology resembling that of cerebral palsy and provides a robust model for exploring the etiology, prevention, and treatment of white matter damage. It has been hypothesized that infection during pregnancy, for example, bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infection, or chorioamnionitis, can lead to preterm fetal brain injury (1-4). Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that such injury might result from an inflammatory cascade initiated via mediators from the mother, placenta, or membranes (3). These hypotheses have been supported by clinical evidence that maternal infection is associated with both preterm birth and neonatal neurologic injury (5), and with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in amniotic fluid (6) and fetal blood (7). White matter damage is the most common form of brain injury and includes necrosis and cystic lesions in white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles, usually referred to as PVL. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-␣ (8) and IL-6 (9) have been identified within PVL (8)

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The vulnerability of the fetal sheep brain to hypoxemia at mid-gestation

Cited by 117 publications

References 46 publications

Brain MRI Measurements at a Term-Equivalent Age and Their Relationship to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Brain MRI Measurements at a Term-Equivalent Age and Their Relationship to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Reduced Cortical Folding in Mental Retardation

White Matter Injury after Repeated Endotoxin Exposure in the Preterm Ovine Fetus

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