The Voltammetric Detection of Cadaverine Using a Diamine Oxidase and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Functionalised Electrochemical Biosensor

Abstract

Cadaverine is a biomolecule of major healthcare importance in periodontal disease; however, current detection methods remain inefficient. The development of an enzyme biosensor for the detection of cadaverine may provide a cheap, rapid, point-of-care alternative to traditional measurement techniques. This work developed a screen-printed biosensor (SPE) with a diamine oxidase (DAO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) functionalised electrode which enabled the detection of cadaverine via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The MWCNTs were functionalised with DAO using carbodiimide crosslinking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by direct covalent conjugation of the enzyme to amide bonds. Cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated a pair of distinct redox peaks for cadaverine with the C-MWCNT/DAO/EDC-NHS/GA SPE and no redox peaks using unmodified SPEs. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to isolate the cadaverine oxidation peak and a linear concentration dependence was identified in the range of 3–150 µg/mL. The limit of detection of cadaverine using the C-MWCNT/DAO/EDC-NHS/GA SPE was 0.8 μg/mL, and the biosensor was also found to be effective when tested in artificial saliva which was used as a proof-of-concept model to increase the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this device. Thus, the development of a MWCNT based enzymatic biosensor for the voltammetric detection of cadaverine which was also active in the presence of artificial saliva was presented in this study.

Electrochemical sensors for analyte in saliva: recent update

“…CNT-modified electrodes have been used for the electrochemical detection of various salivary analytes. For instance, Amin et al (2023) recently developed an efficient biosensor for detecting cadaverine, a biomolecule crucial in periodontal disease. The researchers created a screen-printed biosensor with a diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme and MWCNT functionalized electrode to offer a cost-effective [Figure 8(a)], rapid alternative to conventional detection methods.…”

Non-Invasive Biosensing for Healthcare Using Artificial Intelligence: A Semi-Systematic Review

“…Second, the models must be robust enough to handle and interpret the vast, complex datasets that biosensors generate without overlooking nuances that can occur at relatively small time-scales. Finally, biosensors used for nuanced and possibly even subjective diagnoses require high analytical sensitivity and specificity to interpret signals that differ subtly between people [178].…”

“…Reference No. Application [179] early detection of acute myocardial infarction [178] real-time early detection of cadaverine for periodontal disease diagnostics and personalized treatment plans [176] simultaneous detection of protein biomarkers in urine in point-of-care settings [177] heart failure diagnosis with electrochemical sensor from biomarkers in saliva [180] detection of BNP biomarkers in serum [181] alternative to PCR tests to detect coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [182] detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza using liquid-gated graphene field-effect transistors [183] public health surveillance through pathogen detection in water [184] detection of serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) biomarkers…”