The voltammetric behaviour of lead at a hand drawn pencil electrode and its trace determination in water by stripping voltammetry

Honeychurch, Kevin C.

doi:10.1039/c4ay02987a

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…7,8 The utilisation of 'popular' carbon based materials offers exciting advances within electrochemistry, such as the cost effective production of electrodes that exhibit a similar or enhanced performance to that of the traditional noble metal based alternatives. 9 With electrochemists constantly searching for new electrode configurations, focus has now turned to the readily available hand-drawn pencil graphitic electrodes (PDEs), 10 where one can potentially draw their own electrode, providing a rapid and extremely cost-effective approach for the production of electrochemical sensing platforms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercial pencils (and consequently PDEs) contain a high percentage of graphite, making these an excellent 'cheap' electrode material, where the pencil itself is used as an electrode. 10,11 Previous literature has been orientated around pencils being used as static standalone electrodes, with many electrochemical applications reported, such as towards the detection of ascorbic acid, 12 dopamine, 13 flavonoids, 14 and morphine. 15 However, utilising such standalone pencils as working electrodes is not without its drawbacks, such as their large/bulky nature and the lack of tailorability within the design and control of the working area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pencil it in: pencil drawn electrochemical sensing platforms

Foster

Brownson

Souza

et al. 2016

Analyst

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Inspired by recent reports concerning the utilisation of hand drawn pencil macroelectrodes (PDEs), we report the fabrication, characterisation (physicochemical and electrochemical) and implementation (electrochemical sensing) of various PDEs drawn upon a flexible polyester substrate. Electrochemical characterisation reveals that there are no quantifiable electrochemical responses upon utilising these PDEs with an electroactive analyte that requires an electrochemical oxidation step first, therefore the PDEs have been examined towards the electroactive redox probes hexaammineruthenium(iii) chloride, potassium ferricyanide and ammonium iron(ii) sulfate. For the first time, characterisation of the number of drawn pencil layers and the grade of pencil are examined; these parameters are commonly overlooked when utilising PDEs. It is demonstrated that a PDE drawn ten times with a 6B pencil presented the most advantageous electrochemical platform, in terms of electrochemical reversibility and peak height/analytical signal. In consideration of the aforementioned limitation, analytes requiring an electrochemical reduction as the first process were solely analysed. We demonstrate the beneficial electroanalytical capabilities of these PDEs towards p-benzoquinone and the simultaneous detection of heavy metals, namely lead(ii) and cadmium(ii), all of which are explored for the first time utilising PDEs. Initially, the detection limits of this system were higher than desired for electroanalytical platforms, however upon implementation of the PDEs in a back-to-back configuration (in which two PDEs are placed back-to-back sharing a single connection to the potentiostat), the detection limits for lead(ii) and cadmium(ii) correspond to 10 μg L(-1) and 98 μg L(-1) respectively within model aqueous (0.1 M HCl) solutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pencil it in: pencil drawn electrochemical sensing platforms

Foster

Brownson

Souza

et al. 2016

Analyst

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“…More recently, pencil drawn electrodes (PDEs) prepared via mechanical abrasion of graphite on solid substrate have been developed and used as voltammetric sensors for the detection of metal ions. [36][37][38] They offered very water by capillary action in paper is identified as an important advantage in designing microfluidic devices. However, the same phenomenon may lead to potential instability in ISEsdiffused water is absorbed by the paper and transported towards the connectors.…”

Section: -15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single strip solid contact ion selective electrodes on a pencil-drawn electrode substrate

et al. 2017

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A simple and low-cost approach for the preparation of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is proposed as a favorable alternative to the traditional paper-based electrodes. This involved the application of graphite from a simple household pencil via mechanical abrasion onto a modified acetate sheet. The resulting electrodes exhibited excellent sensing properties towards all tested ions, including a wide dynamic response range, fast response time and satisfactory long-term stability. The same methodology was used to produce stable and functional reference electrodes. These electrodes were then combined with other graphite-based ISEs to yield single strip solid-contact electrodes for simultaneous detection of cations and anions in aqueous solutions. The described approach, which is analogous to simply drawing on paper, opens new avenues for the development of sensing devices using very cheap and easily accessible components.

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“…But these approaches demand professional instruments and skilled operator, thus blocks their applications for point‐of‐care purposes. Recently, pencils have been proposed to write carbon electrodes of paper‐based electrochemical devices . In addition, an enzymatic ink‐based ball pen for direct writing of electrochemical biosensors ( Figure a) was recently proposed by Wang et al The prepared enzymatic‐ink pen enables the direct writing of glucose‐oxidase on human skin (Figure b), which avoids the need of enzyme immobilization on electrodes steps and realizes the one‐step fabrication of biocatalytic sensors that can subject to twisting and stretching of skin (Figure c,d).…”

Section: Emerging Applications Of Pen‐based Writing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Pen‐Based Writing Electronics and their Emerging Applications

Liu

Ouyang

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

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. Inspired by daily hand-writing, innovative and ubiquitously available pens can be employed to write conductive patterns on multiple substrates; such a low-cost, fast, and user-friendly direct writing paradigm has recently aroused remarkable research interest as a promising electronics prototyping strategy. In this review, state-of-art advances in techniques for direct writing of electronics are presented, and pros and cons of each fabrication route are discussed. Emerging applications of pen-based writing electronics are also summarized. Based on these, fi nal conclusions, limitations and challenges, as well as ongoing perspectives are illustrated. a polyester-based tattoo-like integrated epidermal electronic system has been developed that can perform real-time muscle movement, heart activities, and brain-wave detection without the engagement of expensive and bulky medical instrumentations, holding promises to empower doctors to timely monitor vital signs of patients in a simple and effi cient way. [ 3 ] For these applications, the ideal electronics should be low-cost, easily accessible, high-performance, rapid prototyping, and user friendly etc. Consequently, increasing attention has been devoted to discovering several factors closely related to fl exible electronics (e.g., substrates, conductive materials, and manufacturing techniques) for fabricating electronics with increased performance and decreased cost. [ 7 ] Among them, the development of fast and cost-effective fabrication strategies has drawn close attentions for realizing lowcost fl exible electronics. [8][9][10] Recently, various techniques have been developed to fabricate fl exible electronics, such as coating, [ 11,12 ] sputtering, [ 13 ] and printing techniques (e.g., gravure printing, [ 14 ] fl exo printing, [ 15 ] offset printing, [ 16 ] inkjet printing, [ 17 ] and screen printing [ 18 ] ). Specifi cally, printing techniques enable rapid prototyping of components and devices with accurate three-dimensional (3D) structures, thus facilitating achievement of functional 3D electronics. [19][20][21] Based on a newly developed embedded 3D printing system, the fabrication of strain and pressure sensors has been demonstrated to be viable within highly stretchable silicon polymer substrates, exhibiting huge potential for the production of fl exible electronics and wearable devices with arbitrary constructs and unique functions. [ 6 ] However, these sophisticated techniques may not live up to the emerging demand of low cost, easy accessibility and rapid prototyping for fl exible electronics fabrication, since the long processing period of coating, the high energy consumption of sputtering, and the inevitable enrollment of expensive professional equipment of printing are all intractable issues that can hardly be overlooked. [ 22,23 ] As an alternative technique and inspired from day-to-day hand writing, various writing instruments, such as brush pen, [ 22,24,25 ] pencil, [26][27][28][29] fountain pen, [ 30,31 ] and ball pen, [32][33][34][35] have been re...

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The voltammetric behaviour of lead at a hand drawn pencil electrode and its trace determination in water by stripping voltammetry

Abstract: This paper describes the development and characterisation of an unmodified hand drawn pencil electrode for the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead in an environmental water sample.

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Pencil it in: pencil drawn electrochemical sensing platforms

Pencil it in: pencil drawn electrochemical sensing platforms

Single strip solid contact ion selective electrodes on a pencil-drawn electrode substrate

Recent Advances in Pen‐Based Writing Electronics and their Emerging Applications

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