The void in public discourse and the limitations of the equal education campaign in Beijing

Abstract

Because of the huge impact of the hukou system (户口制度) on the allocation of educational resources in China, migrant children’s access to schools has long been circumscribed. Since 2009, a group of migrant parents in Beijing has been involved in a movement demanding their children’s right to sit for the college entrance exam in the city. Using ethnographic methods, this article reviews how the idea of equal education was contested among four groups: (1) liberal intellectuals as the leaders of the movement; (2) middle-class migrant parents as the major activists; (3) working-class migrant parents as the subjects for mobilization; and (4) participants in counter-movements. Despite the involvement of liberal intellectuals that has helped the movement make an inclusive claim, the movement has largely remained parochial, and to some extent it even served to reinforce inequality in China’s education system. I use the equal education movement as a case to reflect upon the ‘boundary pushing’ approach in studies on China’s public sphere, and contend that researchers should pay more attention to the internal power dynamics of social movement.

Conserving Semantic Unit Information and Simplifying Syntactic Constituents to Improve Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition

“…Phrases provide useful semantic information for the IDRR problem. Machine learning methods for IDRR usually rely on lexical features [15,16] (e.g., word pair) or syntactic features [19,20] (e.g., syntactic production rules). These features can be word or phrase level.…”

“…Machine learning-based methods use linguistics features to capture semantic information inside an argument pair. Common linguistic features include lexical features [13,14], contextual features [15,16], syntactic features [17,18], and implicit connectives [19,20]. Such features will then be encoded into numerical vectors and fed into a machine learning classifier to predict the final relation.…”

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