The visuotopic organization of the superior colliculus of the owl monkey ( Aotus trivirgatus ) and the bush baby ( Galago senegalensis )

Lane, R.H.; Allman, John M.; Kaas, Jon H.; Miezin, Francis M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90794-4

Cited by 106 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Some data suggest interaction between the cortex and SC in governing binocular vision in primates 24,25 and humans. 26,27 Dieback appears early on in the SC 5,6 and interconnectivity between SCs may coordinate patency of the binocular VF across the vertical meridian.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Frequency Doubling Perimetry Analysis Reaffirms Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration

Reilly

Villarreal

Maddess

et al. 2015

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Citation: Reilly MA, Villarreal A, Maddess T, Sponsel WE. Refined frequency doubling perimetry analysis reaffirms central nervous system control of chronic glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Trans Vis Sci Tech. 2015;4(3):7, doi:10.1167/tvst.4. 3.7 Purpose: Refined analysis of frequency doubling perimetric data was performed to assess binocular visual field conservation in patients with comparable degrees of bilateral glaucomatous damage, to determine whether unilateral visual field loss is random, anatomically symmetric, or non-random in relation to the fellow eye.Methods: Case control study of 41 consecutive patients with bilaterally mild to severe glaucoma; each right eye visual field locus was paired with randomly-selected coisopteric left eye loci, performing 690,000 (10,000 complete sets of 69 loci) such iterations per subject. The potential role of anatomic symmetry in bilateral visual field conservation was also assessed by pairing mirror-image loci of the right-and left-eye fields. The mean values of the random co-isopteric and the symmetric mirror pairings were compared with natural point-for-point pairings of the two eyes by paired t-test.Results: Mean unilateral Matrix threshold across the entire 30-degree visual field were 17.0 dB left and 18.4 dB right (average 17.7). The better of the naturally paired concomitant loci yielded binocular equivalent mean bilateral Matrix threshold of 20.9 dB, 1.6 dB higher than the population mean of the 690,000 coisopteric pairings (t ¼ À10.4; P , 10 À12 ). Thus, a remarkable natural tendency for conservation of the binocular Matrix visual field was confirmed, far stronger than explicable by random chance. Symmetric pairings of precise mirror-image loci also produced values higher than random co-isopteric pairings (D 1.1 dB; t ¼ À4.0; P ¼ 0.0004).Conclusions: Refined data analysis of paired Matrix visual fields confirms the existence of a natural optimization of binocular visual function in severe bilateral glaucoma via interlocking fields that could only be created by CNS involvement. The disparity of paired Matrix threshold values at mirror-image loci was also highly nonrandom and quantitatively inverse from the expected if anatomic symmetry factors were merely passively contributing systematically to the compensatory binocular Matrix effect.Translational Relevance: The paired eyes and brain are reaffirmed to function as a unified system in the progressive age-related neurodegenerative condition chronic open angle glaucoma, maximizing the binocular visual field. Given the extensive homology of this disorder with other age-related neurodegenerations, it is reasonable to assume that the brain will similarly resist simultaneous bilateral loss of paired functional zones in both hemispheres in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Glaucomatous eyes at all stages of the disease appear to provide a highly accessible paired-organ study model for developing therapeutics to optimize conservation of function in neurodegenerative disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Frequency Doubling Perimetry Analysis Reaffirms Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration

Reilly

Villarreal

Maddess

et al. 2015

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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“…Thus, DL/MT C projections to the superior colliculus are deeper than projections from the retina, V1, and V2, but not as deep as projections from IT cortex, parietal cortex, and the frontal eye field (for review, see Cusick, 1988;Steele and Weller, 1993). Because practically all injections in DL/MT C were in regions representing the central to paracentral lower visual field, it was not surprising that label in the superior colliculus was in its central to lateral portions, which represent the lower field, and was in its anterior to middle levels, which represent the central to paracentral visual field (Kadoya et al, 1971;Cynader and Berman, 1972;Lane et al, 1973). However, the upper field injection in ventral MT C in OM-6 produced label in the caudal portion of the central to medial superior colliculus, which represents the paracentral to peripheral upper visual field.…”

Section: Other Subcortical Connections Of Dl/mt Cmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pulvinar and other subcortical connections of dorsolateral visual cortex in monkeys

Weller

Steele

Kaas

2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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The present study used injections of neuroanatomical tracers to determine the subcortical connections of the caudal and rostral subdivisions of the dorsolateral area (DL) and the middle temporal crescent area (MT(C)) in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and M. radiata). Emphasis was on connections with the pulvinar. Patterns of corticopulvinar connections were related to subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar (PI) defined by histochemical or immunocytochemical architecture. Connections of DL/MT(C) were with the PI subdivisions, PICM, PICL, and PIp; the lateral pulvinar (PL); and, more sparsely, the lateral portion of the medial pulvinar (PM). In squirrel monkeys, there was a tendency for caudal DL to have stronger connections with PICL than PICM and for rostral DL/MT(C) to have stronger connections with PICM than PICL. In all three primates, DL/MT(C) had reciprocal connections with the pulvinar and claustrum; received afferents from the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, nucleus annularis, central superior nucleus, pontine reticular formation, lateral geniculate nucleus, paracentral nucleus, central medial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, basal nucleus of the amygdala, and basal nucleus of Meynert/substantia innominata; and sent efferents to the pons, superior colliculus, reticular nucleus, caudate, and putamen. Projections from DL/MT(C) to the nucleus of the optic tract were also observed in squirrel and owl monkeys. Similarities in the subcortical connections of the dorsolateral region, especially those with the pulvinar, provide further support for the conclusion that the DL regions are homologous in the three primate groups.

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“…This is particularly apparent in the visual system, where the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the visual thalamus has a lamination pattern of parvocellular and magnocellular layers that identify all primates, but differ from all non-primates [48]. Likewise, galagos and monkeys have a similar arrangement of nuclei in the pulvinar of the visual thalamus [49,50], and the superior colliculus of the midbrain represents only the contralateral visual field, in contrast to other mammals where it represents the complete visual field of the contralateral eye [51]. The representation of the hand in the somatosensory thalamus of galagos and monkeys is large, with subdivisions for each finger, and primates have two somatosensory nuclei, ventroposterior superior, and ventroposterior inferior, that are not easily identified in most non-primates [41].…”

Section: The Brains and Neocortex Of Early Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans

Kaas

2012

WIRES Cognitive Science

213

159

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The large size and complex organization of the human brain makes it unique among primate brains. In particular, the neocortex constitutes about 80% of the brain, and this cortex is subdivided into a large number of functionally specialized regions, the cortical areas. Such a brain mediates accomplishments and abilities unmatched by any other species. How did such a brain evolve? Answers come from comparative studies of the brains of present-day mammals and other vertebrates in conjunction with information about brain sizes and shapes from the fossil record, studies of brain development, and principles derived from studies of scaling and optimal design. Early mammals were small, with small brains, an emphasis on olfaction, and little neocortex. Neocortex was transformed from the single layer of output pyramidal neurons of the dorsal cortex of earlier ancestors to the six layers of all present-day mammals. This small cap of neocortex was divided into 20-25 cortical areas, including primary and some of the secondary sensory areas that characterize neocortex in nearly all mammals today. Early placental mammals had a corpus callosum connecting the neocortex of the two hemispheres, a primary motor area, M1, and perhaps one or more premotor areas. One line of evolution, Euarchontoglires, led to present-day primates, tree shrews, flying lemurs, rodents and rabbits. Early primates evolved from small-brained, nocturnal, insect-eating mammals with an expanded region of temporal visual cortex. These early nocturnal primates were adapted to the fine branch niche of the tropical rainforest by having an even more expanded visual system that mediated visually guided reaching and grasping of insects, small vertebrates, and fruits. Neocortex was greatly expanded, and included an array of cortical areas that characterize neocortex of all living primates. Specializations of the visual system included new visual areas that contributed to a dorsal stream of visuomotor processing in a greatly enlarged region of posterior parietal cortex and an expanded motor system and the addition of a ventral premotor area. Higher visual areas in a large temporal lobe facilitated object recognition, and frontal cortex, included granular prefrontal cortex. Auditory cortex included the primary and secondary auditory areas that characterize prosimian and anthropoid primates today. As anthropoids emerged as diurnal primates, the visual system specialized for detailed foveal vision. Other adaptations included an expansion of prefrontal cortex and insular cortex. The human and chimpanzee-bonobo lineages diverged some 6-8 million years ago with brains that were about one-third the size of modern humans. Over the last two million years, the brains of our more recent ancestors increased greatly in size, especially in the prefrontal, posterior parietal, lateral temporal, and insular regions. Specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for related, but different functions became pronounced, and language and other impressive cognitive abilities emerg...

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The visuotopic organization of the superior colliculus of the owl monkey ( Aotus trivirgatus ) and the bush baby ( Galago senegalensis )

Cited by 106 publications

References 30 publications

Refined Frequency Doubling Perimetry Analysis Reaffirms Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration

Refined Frequency Doubling Perimetry Analysis Reaffirms Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration

Pulvinar and other subcortical connections of dorsolateral visual cortex in monkeys

The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans

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