The “Visual Cliff”

Gibson, Eleanor J.; Walk, Richard D.

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-64

Cited by 631 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For certain stress-inducing environments this correlation was significant. From the results of the visual cliff studies by Gibson and Walk [7] in 1960 the idea of a virtual pit evolved. The initial experiments showed that the presence of a cliff is a fear-evoking experience and for most people it requires a huge amount of willpower to cross a precipice like this.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

Fröhlich

Wachsmuth

2013

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Abstract. In order to make a step further towards understanding the impact of multi-modal stimuli in Virtual Reality we conducted a user study with 80 participants performing tasks in a virtual pit environment. Participants were divided into four groups, each presented a different combination of multi-sensory stimuli. Those included real-time 3D graphics, audio stimuli (ambient, static and event sounds), and haptics consisting of wind and tactile feedback when touching objects. A presence questionnaire was used to evaluate subjectively reported presence on the one hand, and on the other physiological sensors were used to measure heart rate and skin conductance as an objective measure. Results strongly indicate that an increase of modalities does not automatically result in an increase of presence.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

Fröhlich

Wachsmuth

2013

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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“…There are inborn fears that do not require any triggering experiences, but other fears such as fear of heights require a certain stage of perceptual and cognitive functions [21] to become sensitive to the visual trigger of heights. There is, however, also an inborn behavioral protective strategy when exposed to heights, the visual cliff behavior comprehensively studied by Walk and Gibson [22][23][24]. The innate ability of the human infant to visually perceive and avoid a brink is supported by animal experiments in a number of species including chicks, rats, kittens, and goats.…”

Section: Visual Height Intolerance and The Course Of Anxiety Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

Huppert

Br²

2015

J Child Adolesc Behav

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Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, symptoms, spontaneous course, and behavioral consequences of visual height intolerance in children in comparison to adults. Methods:Survey in three primary schools on the frequency of visual height intolerance in 455 children aged 8 to 10 years. Individual structured interviews of 90 susceptible children and 54 of their parents. Results:The prevalence of visual height intolerance in children amounted to 34%; there was no gender preponderance. The condition began at a mean age of 5.9 years and rarely showed a tendency to generalize with respect to trigger stimuli. Triggers and symptoms were similar to those in adults. Avoidance behavior was reported by less than one third of the children, and there was only minimal subjective impairment of life quality. The condition was not perceived to be a disease or an individual weakness. Frequency and severity had already spontaneously improved in nearly one half of the children by the time of the survey. Conclusion:More than one third of prepubertal girls and boys exhibited susceptibility for visual height intolerance which -in contrast to the adult-onset type of the condition -appeared to take a benign spontaneous course.

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“…The affordance concept became central to the experimental area of ecological psychology and classic exp. such as E. Gibson & Walk's (1960) "visual cliff" paradigm and Warren's (1984) stair-climbing experiments.…”

Section: Aesthetic Affordances and Motor Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aesthetic Stance – On the Conditions and Consequences of Becoming a Beholder

Brincker

2014

Contributions to Phenomenology

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What does it mean to be an aesthetic beholder? Is it different than simply being a perceiver? Most theories of aesthetic perception focus on 1) features of the perceived object and its presentation or 2) on psychological evaluative or emotional responses and intentions of perceiver and artist. In this chapter I propose that we need to look at the process of engaged perception itself, and further that this temporal process of becoming a beholder must be understood in its embodied, contextual and dynamic speci- ficity. Through both phenomenological and neuroscientific explorations I analyze whatis characteristic about a more "aesthetic stance" and argue that there is a certain asymmetry between beholder and beheld, which has to do with a disengagement of goaldirected action, and which allows for other kinds of perceptual involvement than in a more "practical stance". It is a multi-disciplinary project integrating a sensorimotor notion of aesthetic affordances, 18th century philosophy, and large-scale brain network findings. What ensues is a new dynamic framework for future empirical and theoretical research on aesthetic perception.

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The “Visual Cliff”

Cited by 631 publications

References 3 publications

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

The Aesthetic Stance – On the Conditions and Consequences of Becoming a Beholder

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The “Visual Cliff”

Cited by 631 publications

References 3 publications

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

The Visual, the Auditory and the Haptic – A User Study on Combining Modalities in Virtual Worlds

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

The Aesthetic Stance – On the Conditions and Consequences of Becoming a Beholder

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Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old