“…However, the "slicing up" of GVCs has prompted a hyper-specialization of world economies in selected value chain functions of the GVCs of products, be they a Barbie doll or an iPhone (Tempest, 1996;Kaplan and Kaplinsky, 1999;Dedrick et al, 2010;Grossman & Rossi-Hansberg, 2008;Timmer et al, 2019). It follows that greater attention should be paid to the diversification of economies in terms of GVC functions rather than products (Sturgeon, 2008;Sturgeon & Gereffi, 2009;Coveri & Zanfei, 2023).…”