The Viral Ecology of Aquatic Crustaceans

Owens, Leigh

doi:10.1002/9781118025710.ch7

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As most pathogens have carbohydrate-based surfaces composed of liposaccharides, 1,3-glucan or peptidoglycans, crustaceans have had to create a separate protein-based immune system to deal with viruses [ 19 ]. It is hypothesised that the quick response generated by the crayfish (<14 days Exp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This mortality could be the result of uncontrolled apoptosis of infected cells. Apoptosis is a host defence strategy to limit viral replication, and to overcome this defensive system, viruses have developed numerous mechanisms, including, but not limited to, altering the biochemistry of the cells they infect and inhibiting enzymes involved in apoptosis [ 19 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. However, in case of an environmental perturbation, as experienced by the donor crayfish, the crayfish are unable to contain the viral infections, and their immune system fails to control the apoptotic mechanism, leading to mortality [ 28 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cherax quadricarinatus Resistant to Chequa iflavirus: A Pilot Study

2023

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High mortalities of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were reported from northern Queensland farms, mainly attributed to two viruses, Chequa iflavirus and Athtab bunyavirus. From a research population of redclaw crayfish with these pre-existing viral infections, five individuals were found uninfected by Chequa iflavirus but infected with Athtab bunyavirus. A pilot study was designed to examine if progeny crayfish from this cohort were resistant to infections by Chequa iflavirus. Two experiments measured changes in viral load with RT-qPCR. Seven donors, four negative controls and six crayfish injected with a purified virus or saline were used. In Experiment 1, the purified viral inoculum was injected into the crayfish, and they were bled 14 days post-injection (dpi). In Experiment 2, haemolymph containing the viruses was injected into the same crayfish and they were bled at 24 hpi, 48 hpi, 7 dpi and 14 dpi. In Exp. 1, the crayfish cleared Chequa iflavirus infections within 14 dpi, while in Exp. 2, it was within 24 hpi. One mortality was observed, but that crayfish had cleared the virus before dying. The number of copies of Athtab bunyavirus and the weights of the crayfish did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the control and injected crayfish. Histology of crayfish all showed that the haemolymph vessels were clear of granulomas, suggesting no bacterial involvement. There was no melanisation in the gill tissue of control crayfish, but it was prominent in virus-injected crayfish. Neither group had haemocytic infiltration of the muscle fibres. Anti-viral immune mechanisms of RNA interference and Cherax quadricarinatus Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) are hypothesised to be involved in viral clearance. We conclude that these crayfish were resistant to Chequa iflavirus infections and could be commercially exploited by aquaculturists as a nuclear breeding stock if numbers are increased over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cherax quadricarinatus Resistant to Chequa iflavirus: A Pilot Study

2023

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“…There is increasing evidence that such environmental stressors have the potential to impact pathogen tolerance systems in shrimp by interfering with host mechanisms that control apoptotic death of virus‐infected cells (Flegel & Pasharawipas, 1998, Sahtout, Hassan, & Shariff, 2001; Flegel, 2007, 2009, Owens, 2011; Portt, Norman, Clapp, Greenwood, & Greenwood, 2011). While possible, the low loads of MoV detected in gills of the control shrimp by RT‐qPCR make it difficult to envisage stress‐induced activation of apoptotic cell death critically impairing their function enough to cause mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mourilyan virus pathogenicity in kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus)

Cowley

2020

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The bunyavirus Mourilyan virus (MoV) occurs commonly in Black tiger (Penaeus monodon) and kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) farmed in eastern Australia. There is circumstantial evidence of MoV causing mortalities among P. japonicus moved from farm ponds to tanks for rearing as broodstock. To directly assess its pathogenic potential, independent cohorts of pond‐ (n = 24) or tank‐reared juvenile (n = 21) P. japonicus were challenged intramuscularly with a cephalothorax tissue homogenate of P. monodon containing high loads of MoV (1.48 ± 0.28 × 108 MoV RNA copies/µg total RNA). In each trial, mortalities accumulated gradually among the saline‐injected controls. Mortality onset occurred 12–14 days earlier in the pond‐reared shrimp, possibly due to them possessing low‐level pre‐existing MoV infections. Despite the time to onset of mortality differing, Kaplan–Meier survival analyses confirmed mortality rates to be significantly higher in both the pond‐ (p = .017) and tank‐reared shrimp (p = .031) challenged with MoV. RT‐qPCR data on shrimp sampled progressively over each trial showed high loads of MoV to establish following challenge and discounted GAV and other endemic viruses from contributing to mortality. Together, the data show that acute MoV infection can adversely compromise the survival of juvenile P. japonicus.

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“…These orphan viruses (viruses which infect a host, but are not considered to cause any diseases) have been ignored as causes of economic losses in cultured crayfish. However, when eggs specific-pathogen-free for these viruses were produced as hatchery technology developed, the culture period shortened by approximately 15% and production doubled, thereby reducing the production cost and increasing the profit margin (Owens, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of an Idiopathic Lesion in Redclaw Crayfish Cherax Quadricarinatus Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

Rusaini¹,

Ariel²,

Burgess³

et al. 2013

JVM

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Lesions indicative of putative parvovirus infection were detected in a population of freshwater redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) displaying hypertrophied nuclei, while these changes were undetected in another population. These changes were characterised by hypertrophic nuclei with marginated chromatin but without Cowdry type A (CA) intranuclear inclusion bodies. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to generate a cDNA forward library between the two populations of crayfish. A total of 323 sequences were analysed from SSH libraries. These sequences were grouped into 76 consensus sequences and clustered into 8 categories based on sequence homology from the NCBI GenBank database. Even though histopathological observations consistently revealed lesions presumptive of putative parvovirus in C. quadricarinatus as previously reported, the molecular method failed to confirm a viral aetiology. Despite the absence of viral gene detection and therefore a conclusion of an idiopathic aetiology, the health status of these two populations of redclaw crayfish was different, resulting in differentially expressed immune-related genes in the two populations, with some genes being up-regulated in the hypertrophied nuclei population. Furthermore, the absence of parvovirus from the SSH libraries indicates that perhaps the viral messenger RNA was in too low a concentration to be detected or does not have any poly(A) tail which the SSH methodology needs to function correctly.

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The Viral Ecology of Aquatic Crustaceans

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Cherax quadricarinatus Resistant to Chequa iflavirus: A Pilot Study

Cherax quadricarinatus Resistant to Chequa iflavirus: A Pilot Study

Mourilyan virus pathogenicity in kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus)

Investigation of an Idiopathic Lesion in Redclaw Crayfish Cherax Quadricarinatus Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

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