The Viking Seismic Experiment

Anderson, Don L.; Duennebier, F. K.; Latham, Gary V.; Toksöz, M. Fafi; Kovach, Robert L.; Knight, T. C. D.; Lazarewicz, A. R.; Miller, Wilbur R.; Nakamura, Y.; Sutton, George H.

doi:10.1126/science.194.4271.1318

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The strong contribution of wind noise to the recorded data was anticipated given the nonideal accommodation of the seismometer on the lander deck (installation on a footpad would have been better) and indeed was what was observed (Anderson et al, , ). The seismometer detects wind‐generated lander motions above a wind speed of about 3 m/s, with an amplitude proportional to the square of wind speed (thus, proportional to the dynamic pressure of the wind, as would be expected; Anderson et al, ), and strong coherence between the wind record and the seismic noise level at a range of timescales was noted (Nakamura & Anderson, ) (see Figure ).…”

Section: Seismometer‐meteorology Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The Viking landers had the principal goal of detecting life on the Martian surface, and geophysical and meteorological instrumentation suffered a number of compromises in accommodation (Anderson et al, , , ). Most notably, the seismometer was mounted on the lander deck.…”

Section: Viking Seismometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various lander mechanical activities are detectable in the seismometer data (Anderson et al, , ), including sampling arm operations, X‐ray sample dumps, tape recorder and camera operations, and S‐band antenna movements. It may be noted that some of these signatures were discussed in some detail in an Appendix to Anderson et al (), archived as microfiche with the hard‐copy journal.…”

Section: Lander‐generated Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viking‐2 Seismometer Measurements on Mars: PDS Data Archive and Meteorological Applications

Lorenz

Nakamura

Murphy

2017

Earth and Space Science

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A data product has been generated and archived on the NASA Planetary Data System (Geosciences Node), which presents the seismometer readings of Viking Lander 2 in an easy‐to‐access form, for both the raw (“high rate”) waveform records and the compressed (“event mode”) amplitude and frequency records. In addition to the records themselves, a separate summary file for each instrument mode lists key statistics of each record together with the meteorological measurements made closest in time to the seismic record. This juxtaposition facilitates correlation of the seismometer instrument response to different meteorological conditions, or the selection of seismic data during which wind disturbances can be expected to be small. We summarize data quality issues and also discuss lander‐generated seismic signals, due to operation of the sampling arm or other systems, which may be of interest for prospective missions to other bodies. We review wind‐seismic correlation, the “Martian solar day (sol) 80” candidate seismic event, and identify the seismic signature of a probable dust devil vortex on sol 482 : the seismometer data allow an estimate of the peak wind, occurring between coarsely spaced meteorology measurements. We present code to generate the plots in this paper to illustrate use of the data product.

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Section: Seismometer‐meteorology Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Viking Seismometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lander‐generated Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viking‐2 Seismometer Measurements on Mars: PDS Data Archive and Meteorological Applications

Lorenz

Nakamura

Murphy

2017

Earth and Space Science

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“…It has long been known that strong wind events impart a force onto the ground that, in turn, causes ground accelerations (and thus a seismic response; Anderson et al 1976). It has long been known that strong wind events impart a force onto the ground that, in turn, causes ground accelerations (and thus a seismic response; Anderson et al 1976).…”

Section: A Data and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intense and Extreme Wind Speeds Observed by Anemometer and Seismic Networks: An Eastern U.S. Case Study

Pryor

Conrick

Miller

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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The scale and intensity of extreme wind events have tremendous relevance to determining the impact on infrastructure and natural and managed ecosystems. Analyses presented herein show the following. 1) Wind speeds in excess of the station-specific 95th percentile are coherent over distances of up to 1000 km over the eastern United States, which implies that the drivers of high wind speeds are manifest at the synoptic scale. 2) Although cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones are a major cause of high-wind speed events, maximum sustained and gust wind speeds are only weakly dependent on the near-surface horizontal temperature gradient across the front. 3) Gust factors (GF) over the eastern United States have a mean value of 1.57 and conform to a lognormal probability distribution, and the relationship between maximum observed GF and sustained wind speed conforms to a power law with coefficients of 5.91 and 20.499. Even though there is coherence in the occurrence of intense wind speeds at the synoptic scale, the intensity and spatial extent of extreme wind events are not fully characterized even by the dense meteorological networks deployed by the National Weather Service. Seismic data from the USArray, a program within the Earthscope initiative, may be suitable for use in mapping high-wind and gust events, however. It is shown that the seismic channels exhibit well-defined spectral signatures under conditions of high wind, with a variance peak at frequencies of ;0.04 s 21 and an amplitude that appears to scale with the magnitude of observed wind gusts.

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“…A three-axis short-period seismometer on board the Viking Lander 2 at Utopia Planitia collected more than 600 h of data to explore the seismic environment of Mars (Anderson et al, 1976(Anderson et al, , 1977. The seismometer was added late in the mission planning and therefore had to be installed on the top of the lander structure.…”

Section: Martian Seismicitymentioning

confidence: 99%