The view of the blue is bigger than black and white: using social identity theory to predict factors related to how Americans’ perceive the police

Bad apples or rotten orchards? Public attitudes of interactions with police and the role of political ideology

“…Whereas conservatives consistently illustrated unwavering strong support in all measured aspects of policing, liberals were not anchored to a singular concept of policing, as their attitudinal ratings of police interactions ranged from negative to positive. The concern of these negative attitudes toward police is political disengagement and alienation that can generate cynicism about their ability to engage with the political system when it comes to policing (Albrecht and Green, 1977; Easton, 1965; Williams and Maxwell, 2022).…”

“…Sometimes, these declines can be isolated to one particular group, suggesting variation across subsections of the population. For instance, favorable perceptions of police were roughly twice as high among older generations, specifically the Silent Generation, Baby Boomers and Generation X, than those of Generation Z (Williams and Maxwell, 2022). These nationwide trends of waning confidence in the police can be reflected by negative perceptions of crime and disorder control management by police (Foster et al ., 2023; Tyler and Fagan, 2008).…”

“…However, subsequent research has identified that attitudes toward police vary by political ideology, with conservatism associated with greater support for the police (Cao et al ., 1998; Ekins, 2016; Huang and Vaughn, 1996; Navarro and Hansen, 2023; Reynolds et al ., 2018; Williams and Maxwell, 2022; Wozniak et al ., 2021; Zamble and Annesley, 1987). Conservatives believed police cared about the people in their community, protected people from violent crimes, are honest and trustworthy and are held accountable for misconduct and treated minorities and disadvantaged groups equally without biases (Ekins, 2016; Wozniak et al ., 2021).…”

“…For instance, polarization among public reactions to the police can be driven by philosophical or political perspectives (Albrecht and Green, 1977; Sunshine and Tyler, 2003b). Non-demographic factors such as political ideology can shape American attitudes toward policing (Cao et al ., 1998; Ekins, 2016; Huang and Vaughn, 1996; Navarro and Hansen, 2023; Reynolds et al ., 2018; Williams and Maxwell, 2022; Wozniak et al ., 2021; Zamble and Annesley, 1987) and to a greater extent than political partisanship (Navarro and Hansen, 2023; Wozniak et al ., 2021). Although attitudes toward policing may be broadly polarized along ideological lines (Hansen and Navarro, 2023), such polarization may vary across a range of policing interactions, resulting in no attitudinal differences toward policing between conservatives and liberals (Cao et al ., 1998).…”

Penggunaan Metode Best-Worst Scaling Untuk Menganalisis Hambatan Dalam Pembelian Produk Secara Online Pada Konsumen Muslim

“…Setiap individu memiliki situasi kondisi sosial yang cenderung sama dalam suatu kelompok sosial yang akan menghasilkan kemiripan dalam perilaku pada anggota kelompok sosial tersebut. Hal ini disebabkan karena sebagai anggota suatu kelompok, individu akan cenderung untuk menampilkan perilaku yang sama dengan anggota kelompok lainnya agar dapat diterima oleh kelompoknya tersebut (Williams & Maxwell, 2022). Teori yang popular untuk menjelaskan fenomena diatas adalah teori identitas sosial (social identity theory) yang dikemukakan oleh Tajfel dan Turner dimana teori ini digunakan untuk menjelaskan fenomena bagaimana seorang individu dinilai dan dibentuk oleh kelompok sosialnya dengan cara mengikuti norma dan nilai yang telah ditetapkan oleh kelompok tersebut (Tear & Reader, 2023).…”