The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From Characterizing Cognitive Aging to Illustrating Changes in Memory Compensation

Dixon, Roger A.; Frias, Cindy M. de

doi:10.1080/13825580490511161

Cited by 113 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…CIND-UN participants were those who demonstrated cognitive impairment at either Year 1 or Year 2 (but not both), whereas CIND-S participants were those who demonstrated cognitive impairment at both Year 1 and Year 2. Healthy control participants did not demonstrate cognitive impairment at Year 1 or Year 2 (Dixon & De Frias, 2004). Groups did not differ in terms of chronological age, sex distribution, depressive affect or number of chronic illnesses.…”

Section: Cind Classificationmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance

Halliday

Stawski

MacDonald

2016

Arch Clin Neuropsychol

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Objective: Response time inconsistency (RTI) in cognitive performance predicts deleterious health outcomes in late-life; however, RTI estimates are often confounded by additional influences (e.g., individual differences in learning). Finger tapping is a basic sensorimotor measure largely independent of higher-order cognition that may circumvent such confounds of RTI estimates. We examined the within-person coupling of finger-tapping mean and RTI on working memory, and the moderation of these associations by cognitive status. Method: A total of 262 older adults were recruited and classified as controls, cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) unstable or CIND stable. Participants completed finger-tapping and working-memory tasks during multiple weekly assessments, repeated annually for 4 years. Results: Within-person coupling estimates from multilevel models indicated that on occasions when RTI was greater, working-memory response latency was slower for the CIND-stable, but not for the CIND-unstable or control individuals. Conclusions: The finger-tapping task shows potential for minimizing confounds on RTI estimates, and for yielding RTI estimates sensitive to central nervous system function and cognitive status.

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Section: Cind Classificationmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Normative data were available from an independent study of adults 65-94 years of age recruited from the same demographic, as part of a separate, independent study. For a complete description of the normative sample and benchmark tasks, see Vandermorris, Hultsch, Hunter, MacDonald and Strauss (2011) and Dixon and De Frias (2004).…”

Section: Cind Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance

Halliday

Stawski

MacDonald

2016

Arch Clin Neuropsychol

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“…Concretamente, y asociado a la edad, existe una predecible pérdida de la eficacia de la memoria en la realización de algunas tareas complejas; si bien, esta pérdida no siempre se produce, siendo tal y como señalan Dixon y Frias (2004), el concepto de compensación uno de los posibles mecanismos que pueden explicar la adaptación cognitiva que desarrollan los sujetos para mantener su eficacia. Por otra parte, y a partir de estudios cerebrales postmortem, se ha podido observar que, sujetos que estructuralmente deberían haber desarrollado una demencia, no manifestaron sus síntomas cognitivoconductuales, surgiendo la denominada hipótesis de la reserva cognitiva (Stern, 2002(Stern, , 2009, que diferencia entre sujetos con alta y baja reserva cognitiva (ARC y BRC); siendo ambos conceptos importantes variables que pueden minimizar las pérdidas en las funciones cognitivas tales como la memoria.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estrategias de compensación en adultos mayores: Diferencias sociodemográficas, y en función de la reserva cognitiva.

2015

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Resumen: Los términos de reserva cognitiva y compensación, han sido utilizados en una amplia variedad de situaciones en la literatura científica para referirse a la superación o reducción de las pérdidas o déficits en diferentes mecanismos y procesos como es la memoria. A través del Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ), se pretende analizar los diferentes mecanismos de compensación en relación con ciertas variables sociodemográfi-cas (edad, genero y nivel educativo) de una muestra española y establecer, a partir de una medida combinada de reserva cognitiva (RC), las diferencias existentes entre sujetos con alta y baja reserva en el uso de mecanismos de compensación. Se evaluó a 264 sujetos jubilados españoles, donde se obtuvo que las estrategias de compensación más empleadas se basan en los mecanismos de remediación y sustitución. Las estrategias externas y de confianza son las que principalmente muestran correlaciones y diferencias significativas con las diferentes variables sociodemográficas analizadas. En cuanto a la reserva cognitiva, se observó que aquellos sujetos con alta RC presentaban mayor uso de estrategias externo e interno, y los sujetos con baja RC esfuerzo y cambio. Palabras clave: Reserva cognitiva; compensación; envejecimiento; MCQ.Title: Compensation strategies in older adults: Sociodemographic and cognitive reserve differences. Abstract: The terms of cognitive reserve and compensation, have been used in a wide variety of situations in the scientific literature to refer to overcome or reduce losses or deficits in different mechanisms and processes such as memory. Through the Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ), is intended to analyze the different mechanisms of compensation in relation to certain sociodemographic variables (age, gender and educational level) from a Spanish sample and establish, from a combined measure of cognitive reserve (CR), the differences between subjects with high and low reserve on using compensation mechanisms. 264 Spanish retirees were assessed. The results showed that the compensation strategies used more frequently were based on remediation and substitution mechanisms. External strategies and confidence are those that show main differences and significant correlations with sociodemographic variables. Regarding cognitive reserve, it was observed that those subjects with higher CR obtained greater use of external strategies and internal, and subjects with lower RC in effort and change.

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“…Consider the following example. With data from the Victoria longitudinal study (VLS), Dixon and de Frias (2004) found a six-year longitudinal relationship between self-reported use of external memory strategies and performance on standardized testing of memory abilities. Initial high-performers in standardized testing reported a higher use of external memory aids over time, while low-performers showed no such increase; instead they showed a decrease in their self-reported effort to remember.…”

Section: The Need For Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Seattle Longitudinal Study was one of the first longitudinal aging studies to consider cognitive change and became a methodological model for several later conducted longitudinal studies (Schaie, Willis, & Caskie, 2004). A subset of more recent studies includes the Berlin Aging Study (Lövdén, Ghisletta, & Lindenberger, 2004), the Betula study (Nilsson et al, 2004), the Canberra Longitudinal Study (Christensen et al, 2004), the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (McDowell, Xi, Lindsay, & Tuokko, 2004), the Einstein Aging Studies (Sliwinski & Buschke, 2004), the Kungsholmen project , the University of Manchester Longitudinal Study of Cognition in Normal Healthy Old Age (Rabbitt et al, 2004), and the Victoria Longitudinal study (Dixon & Frias, 2004, see Hultsch, 2004and Schaie & Hofer, 2001 for more studies).…”

Section: Chapter 2 Prospective Memory and Cognitive Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed cognition in home environments : The prospective memory and cognitive practices of older adults

Forsblad¹

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In this thesis I explore how older people make use of, and interact with, their physical environment in home and near-by settings to manage cognitive situations, specifically prospective memory situations. Older adults have in past research been shown to perform better on prospective memory in real-life settings than what findings in laboratory-like settings predict. An explanation for this paradox is that older adults has a more developed skill of using the environment for prospective memory than younger adults. However, research investigating this explanation has primarily been based on self-reports.I contribute to the understanding of this skill by doing two related things. First I introduce distributed cognition, a theoretical perspective that primarily has been used within professional and socio-technical environments, to the research field of prospective memory in everyday life. Second I present a cognitive ethnography conducted during two years across eight home, and near-by, environments and old-age retired persons, for which I have used theoretical concepts from distributed cognition to analyze observations. The analysis shows rich variations in how participants use common cultural cognitive tools, invent their own cognitive tools, deliberately and incidentally shape more or less functional spaces, make use of other physical features, orient themselves toward and make sense of cognitive resources. I complement both prospective memory and distributed cognition research by describing both the intelligent shaping and use of space. Furthermore, by taking a distributed cognitive perspective I show that prospective memory processes in home environments involve properties, and the management, of a multipurpose environment.Altogether this supports the understanding of distributed cognition as a perspective on all cognition. Distributed cognition is not a reflection of particular work practices, instead it is a formulation of the general features of human cognition. Prospective memory in everyday life can be understood as an ability persons have. However, in this thesis I show that prospective memory can also be understood as a process that takes place between persons, arrangements of space, and tools.iii

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The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From Characterizing Cognitive Aging to Illustrating Changes in Memory Compensation

Cited by 113 publications

References 34 publications

Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance

Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance

Estrategias de compensación en adultos mayores: Diferencias sociodemográficas, y en función de la reserva cognitiva.

Distributed cognition in home environments : The prospective memory and cognitive practices of older adults

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