The Vertebrate Nose, Remarks on Its Structural and Functional Adaptation and Evolution

Bertmar, Gunnar

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1969.tb03500.x

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The formation of the nasal cavity and the anterior (incurrent) and posterior (excurrent) nostrils from an original single pit as described in this study, is considered the phylogenetically primitive (plesiomorphic) type among actinopterygians (Bertmar 1969;Zeiske et al1992). It closely resembles the formation of the naso-buccal pits and ventilatory openings of the olfactory organ in Dipnoi (Bertmar 1965;Bartsch 1993), and the incomplete separation of incurrent and excurrent opening in sharks (Berliner 1902).…”

Section: Formation Of the Olfactory Organmentioning

confidence: 96%

Early development of the olfactory organ in sturgeons of the genus Acipenser: a comparative and electron microscopic study

et al. 2003

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Formation and morphology of the olfactory organ of vertebrates has been intensely studied in some taxa for more than a century. As a functionally important and complex sensory organ, its ontogenetic development has often been a matter of debate on higher-level craniate evolution. However, sufficient knowledge of structure and development of the olfactory organ in the crucial taxa needed for a serious phylogenetic reasoning is generally not available. This study aims at this essential primary data source, the detailed structure, morphogenesis, and character definition of the olfactory organ in more basal clades of jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). Sturgeon fishes (Acipenseriformes) as recent basal actinopterygians are expected to provide insight into archaic characters and character combinations in bony fishes. Thus, the development of the olfactory placodes of the sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus, and the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii, was followed histologically, by semi-thin serial sections, and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Except for the timing, virtually no differences were observed between the two species. The olfactory placodes become two-layered early in embryonic development. Both the superficial epidermal and the subepidermal layer can easily be distinguished and their development followed by ultrastructural properties. There are three different types of receptor cells: ciliated, microvillous, and crypt cells. The development of the ciliated and the less abundant microvillous receptor cells from the subepidermal layer of the placode is demonstrated. The non-sensory cells of the differentiated olfactory epithelium, i.e. ciliated non-sensory cells and supporting cells, exclusively derive from the superficial epidermal layer. In this respect, acipenserids clearly demonstrate close resemblance to the morphogenetic process found in the tetrapod Xenopus (Anura). The only other adequately described mode found in the actinopterygian zebrafish ( Danio rerio), is considered a derived character. In this case, all cells of the differentiated olfactory epithelium derive from one placodal cell layer. The mode of formation of the nasal sac and its ventilatory openings found in the acipenserids examined here, represents a widespread and probably a plesiomorphic condition of osteognathostomes. In both species, differentiation of the basic cellular composition of the olfactory epithelium is far advanced at the time of onset of extrinsic feeding.

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Section: Formation Of the Olfactory Organmentioning

confidence: 96%

Early development of the olfactory organ in sturgeons of the genus Acipenser: a comparative and electron microscopic study

et al. 2003

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“…The cyclostome olfactory organs are specialized, and the lampreys have accessory olfactory organs (Hagelin and johnels, 1955). These may have evolved in parallel with the VN organs, and they are not homologous with them (Bertmar, 1969).…”

Section: Olfactorvorgansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phylogenetic history of VN organs is obscure (Negus, 1958;Moulton and Beidler, 1967;Parsons, 1971). I briefly discussed these organs in connection with studies on the ontogeny and evolution of the olfactory organs and other structures of the nose in lower vertebrates, like lungfish and urodeles (Bertmar, 1969). Recent studies on reindeer (Bertmar, 1975(Bertmar, , 1980 make it possible to present a theory on the evolution of the VN organs from fish to mammals.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…I briefly discussed these organs in connection with studies on the ontogeny and evolution of the olfactory organs and other structures of the nose in lower vertebrates, like lungfish and urodeles (Bertmar, 1969). Recent studies on reindeer (Bertmar, 1975(Bertmar, , 1980 make it possible to present a theory on the evolution of the VN organs from fish to mammals. The theory is based on my earlier studies on fishes (Bertmar, 1965(Bertmar, , 1969(Bertmar, , 1972 and tetrapods (Bertmar, 1966(Bertmar, , 1975(Bertmar, , 1980, but also on literature studies on other vertebrates (Bertmar, 1969(Bertmar, , 1980.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Vomeronasal Organs in Vertebrates

Bertmar

1981

Evolution

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111

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“…It is well known that the olfactory organs in fish and cyclostomes differ from those of tetrapods in several respects of which one is that they are folded into primary laminae (Bertmar 1969). But it was only recently (Pfeiffer 1963;Holl 1965) that it became certain that at least some teleostean fish also have a secondary folding of the primary laminae.…”

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Secondary Folding of Olfactory Organ in Young and Adult Sea Trout

Bertmar

1972

Acta Zoologica

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The development of the olfactory rosette in parr, smolt and adult sea trout is investigated by means of different fixation and staining techniques. The rosette consists of primary laminae which are folded in four types of secondary laminae. These are here called initial, cuneiform, filiform and fungiform laminae. At least initially secondary folding seems to be an interplay between a blood capillary and the sensory epithelium external to it. The ecological adaptations of folded olfactory organs are discussed.

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The Vertebrate Nose, Remarks on Its Structural and Functional Adaptation and Evolution

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Early development of the olfactory organ in sturgeons of the genus Acipenser: a comparative and electron microscopic study

Early development of the olfactory organ in sturgeons of the genus Acipenser: a comparative and electron microscopic study

Evolution of Vomeronasal Organs in Vertebrates

Secondary Folding of Olfactory Organ in Young and Adult Sea Trout

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