Applications
of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in modern technologies
require environmentally friendly methods of large-scale production
of the nanoparticles with controlled morphology and surface state
in the form of high-concentration metal sols with minimal quantities
of organic stabilizers. Herein, we report a procedure based on reduction
of aqueous silver nitrate with ferrous sulfate in the presence of
citrate ions. We studied the effect of various factors on the chemical
reaction by applying transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible
absorption spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and proposed
protocols with reduced quantities of the reagents allowing preparation
of uniform spherical Ag NPs of 5 to 15 nm in diameter. A DLS study
of sols after dilution was employed to estimate the tendency of colloidal
particles to interact in order to optimize post-synthetic purification
and concentration procedures. Particularly, filtration instead of
centrifugation and electrolytic coagulation with trisodium citrate
in place of sodium nitrate were utilized to produce extremely concentrated,
more than 1000 g/L Ag, and stable silver hydrosols with no additional
stabilizers. The chemical, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric
analyses demonstrated that the Ag NPs contained citrate-derived capping
ligands, and low amounts of Fe are appropriated for chemical and low-temperature
sintering, surface functionalization, nanofluidics, and other applications.