The Verification of the Usefulness of Electronic Nose Based on Ultra-Fast Gas Chromatography and Four Different Chemometric Methods for Rapid Analysis of Spirit Beverages

Abstract

Spirit beverages are a diverse group of foodstuffs. They are very often counterfeited which cause the appearance of low quality products or wrongly labelled products on the market. It is important to find a proper quality control and botanical origin method enabling the same time preliminary check of the composition of investigated samples, which was the main goal of this work. For this purpose, the usefulness of electronic nose based on ultra-fast gas chromatography (fast GC e-nose) was verified. A set of 24 samples of raw spirits, 33 samples of vodkas, and 8 samples of whisky were analysed by fast GC e-nose. Four data analysis methods were used. The PCA was applied for the visualization of dataset, observation of the variation inside groups of samples, and selection of variables for the other three statistical methods. The SQC method was utilized to compare the quality of the samples. Both the DFA and SIMCA data analysis methods were used for discrimination of vodka, whisky, and spirits samples. The fast GC e-nose combined with four statistical methods can be used for rapid discrimination of raw spirits, vodkas, and whisky and in the same for preliminary determination of the composition of investigated samples.

A Hypothesis-Free Sensor Array Discriminates Whiskies for Brand, Age, and Taste

“…Alternative methods for investigating whiskies (e.g., mid-IR and simple UV-vis spectroscopy) either show a considerably lower resolving power with respect to the analytes or need a significant amount of sample preparation and fairly specialized equipment when performing mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 30 We performed an analysis of whiskies by using a standard GC-MS combination, but the results (see Table S2 and Figures S13-S15) were weaker than those for the tongues. We needed around 6 mL of sample and a significant amount of preparation time (for each sample, 30 min for liquid-liquid extraction and the mini silica gel column drying process and 30 min for GC-MS; for the details of the methods, procedures, and results, see Table S2 and Figures S13-S15).…”

Prediction of egg freshness during storage using electronic nose

“…This type of e-nose was used for the study presented in this paper. In the literature, information can be found about application of fast GC e-nose for authenticity assessment of Polish homemade liqueurs (Śliwińska et al, 2016 ), for rapid and precise discrimination of wines (Antoce and Namolosanu, 2011 ), for discrimination of the geographic origin of extra virgin olive oil (Melucci et al, 2016 ), for rapid analysis of spirit beverages (Wiśniewska et al, 2016 ), and for age identification and brand classification of brandy (Yang et al, 2011 ).…”

Rapid assessment of the authenticity of limequat fruit using the electronic nose and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

“…DFA analysis allows the separation of data obtained into naturally occurring groups [25]. In contrast to PCA, DFA is used to distinguish groups not to present the actual data visualization [26]. Previous literature reports show that the discriminant component analysis can be a better option to distinguish between citrus hybrid fruits than PCA [27].…”