The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

Burridge, Henry C.; Bhagat, Rajesh K.; Stettler, Marc; Kumar, Pankaj; Mel, Ishanki De; Demis, Panagiotis; Hart, Allen; Johnson-Llambias, Yyanis; King, Marco‐Felipe; Klymenko, Oleksiy V.; McMillan, Alison; Morawiecki, Piotr; Pennington, T. H.; Short, Michael; Sykes, D.; Trinh, Philippe H.; Wilson, S. K.; Wong, Clint; Wragg, Hayley; Wykes, Megan S. Davies; Iddon, Christopher; Woods, Andrew W.; Mingotti, Nicola; Bhamidipati, Neeraja; Woodward, Huw; Beggs, Clive; Davies, H.A.; Fitzgerald, Shaun; Pain, Christopher C.; Linden, P. F.

doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0855

Cited by 58 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…If the air in an indoor space is poorly circulated, especially if the space is crowded and if people do not use masks, then the risk of exposure to airborne aerosols increases (Bhagat et al 2020;Nishiura et al 2020;Schoen 2020). Accordingly, recommendations from researchers, professional societies, and governments worldwide included increasing the supply of outdoor air, limiting air recirculation, increasing air filtration, maintaining exhaust ventilation in areas such as kitchens, and using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation in some circumstances (Burridge et al 2021;CDC 2020;Guo et al 2021;Morawska et al 2020). Although some measures, such as opening windows and using fans, cost little or nothing, major improvements to heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems can be costly to install and operate.…”

Section: Poor Air Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Health Officer this facility is limited to 50% occupancy load through April 5, 2020. some have suggested that new HVAC paradigms are needed. These will need to balance thermal comfort, fresh air exchanges, and reducing energy use (Allen and Ibrahim 2021;Burridge et al 2021;Ferdyn-Grygierek et al 2019). Two examples of such an approach are supplying personal ventilation directly to people's individual breathing zones (say, at their workstations; Figure 3B) instead of ventilating the entire interior building space (Figure 3A) (Melikov 2020) and using precision HVAC based on localized monitoring and artificial intelligence guidance (Ding et al 2020).…”

Section: By Order Of the Washtenaw Countymentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

Frumkin

2021

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Since the dawn of cities, the built environment has both affected infectious disease transmission and evolved in response to infectious diseases. COVID-19 illustrates both dynamics. The pandemic presented an opportunity to implement health promotion and disease prevention strategies in numerous elements of the built environment. OBJECTIVES: This commentary aims to identify features of the built environment that affect the risk of COVID-19 as well as to identify elements of the pandemic response with implications for the built environment (and, therefore, for long-term public health). DISCUSSION: Built environment risk factors for COVID-19 transmission include crowding, poverty, and racism (as they manifest in housing and neighborhood features), poor indoor air circulation, and ambient air pollution. Potential long-term implications of COVID-19 for the built environment include changes in building design, increased teleworking, reconfigured streets, changing modes of travel, provision of parks and greenspace, and population shifts out of urban centers. Although it is too early to predict with confidence which of these responses may persist, identifying and monitoring them can help health professionals, architects, urban planners, and decision makers, as well as members of the public, optimize healthy built environments during and after recovery from the pandemic.

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Section: Poor Air Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: By Order Of the Washtenaw Countymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

Frumkin

2021

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The target of this section is to perform a set of numerical experiments to evaluate the influence of the turbulence modeling when a saliva exhalation event is simulated. In particular, we are interested in evaluating the secure social distance of 1–2 m. This value, which was estimated from predictions of the distance traveled by expelled saliva droplets using standard numerical approaches among others [ 48 ], could be over/underestimated due to their lack of modeling of the turbulence modulation phenomenon.…”

Section: Using the Rve Database To Compute A Global Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multiscale Approach for the Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows with Droplets

Giménez

Idelsohn

Oñate

et al. 2021

Arch Computat Methods Eng

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A multiscale approach for the detailed simulation of water droplets dispersed in a turbulent airflow is presented. The multiscale procedure combines a novel representative volume element (RVE) with the Pseudo Direct Numerical Simulation (P-DNS) method. The solution at the coarse-scale relies on a synthetic model, constructed using precomputed offline RVE simulations and an alternating digital tree, to characterize the non-linear dynamic response at the fine-scale. A set of numerical experiments for a wide range of volume fractions, particle distribution sizes, and external shear forces in the RVE are carried out. Quantitative results of the statistically stationary turbulent state are obtained, and the turbulence modulation phenomenon due to the presence of droplets is discussed. The developed synthetic model is then employed to solve global scale simulations of flows with airborne droplets via the P-DNS method. Improved predictions are obtained for flow conditions where turbulence modulation is noticeable.

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“…1). We refer the reader to Wei and Li [18], Duguid [19] [35] for extensive reviews of coughs and other respiratory emissions. We will consider the model problem in Fig.…”

Section: Reduced Order Particle-fluid Interaction Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digital-Twin and Machine-Learning Framework for Ventilation System Optimization for Capturing Infectious Disease Respiratory Emissions

Zohdi

2021

Arch Computat Methods Eng

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The pandemic of 2019 has led to an enormous interest in all aspects of modeling and simulation of infectious diseases. One central issue is the redesign and deployment of ventilation systems to mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases, produced by respiratory emissions such as coughs. This work seeks to develop a combined Digital-Twin and Machine-Learning framework to optimize ventilation systems by building on rapidly computable respiratory emission models developed in Zohdi (Comput Mech 64:1025-1034. This framework ascertains the placement and flow rates of multiple ventilation units, in order to optimally sequester particles released from respiratory emissions such as coughs, sneezes, etc. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the framework.

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The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

Abstract: The year 2020 has seen the emergence of a global pandemic as a result of the disease COVID-19. This report reviews knowledge of the transmission of COVID-19 indoors, examines the evidence for mitigating measures, and considers the implications for wintertime with a focus on ventilation.

Cited by 58 publications

References 109 publications

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

A Multiscale Approach for the Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows with Droplets

A Digital-Twin and Machine-Learning Framework for Ventilation System Optimization for Capturing Infectious Disease Respiratory Emissions

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