THE VENOM GLAND OF &lt;i&gt;VIPERA PALAESTINAE &lt;/i&gt;WITH COMMENTS ON THE GLANDS OF SOME OTHER VIPERINES

Kochva, Elazar; Gans, Carl

doi:10.1159/000142760

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…A dentição dessas serpentes é do tipo solenoglifodonte, isto é, possuem um par de dentes maxilares modificados para a injeção de veneno e está associado a um mecanismo complexo que permite uma grande abertura bucal, facilitando assim o posicionamento do dente em relação à presa (Figura 3) (GOMES; PUORTO, 1993 Quando a serpente está de boca fechada as presas ficam deitadas na horizontal no interior de um tecido conjuntivo denso irregular, denominado de bainha protetora que forma ligações fracas ao longo da superfície da presa em cerca de um terço do comprimento da presa (YOUNG et al, 2001 , 1971;ZAGO, 1971;SCHAEFFER JR et al, 1972a,b;ORON;BDOLAH, 1973;KOCHVA, 1978;BDOLAH, 1979;CARNEIRO et al, 1991;MACKESSY, 1991;SALOMÃO, 1991 A dessensibilização prolongada dos adrenoceptores  e  possibilitou a descoberta, in vivo, da importância da estimulação desses adrenoceptores para o desencadeamento do ciclo de veneno (YAMANOUYE et al, 2000;KERCHOVE et al, 2004;ZABLITH, 2007). Estudos sobre a sinalização após a estimulação dos adrenoceptores levaram a conclusão de que a noradrenalina é a responsável pela ativação da glândula de veneno (KERCHOVE et al, 2008;LUNA et al, 2009 1965;MACKESSY, 1991;SALOMÃO, 1991). Análise histoquímica da glândula acessória mostrou reação positiva para PAS e Alcian Blue mostrando a presença de mucopolissacarídeos neutros e ácidos respectivamente, e reação positiva para azul de bromofenol, mostrando a presença de proteínas (GENARO; CALLAHAN; LORINCZ, 1963;GANS, 1965GANS, , 1966KOCHVA, 1978 venenos analisados por eletroforese ou por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução.…”

Section: Bothrops Jararacaunclassified

“…Estudos sobre a sinalização após a estimulação dos adrenoceptores levaram a conclusão de que a noradrenalina é a responsável pela ativação da glândula de veneno (KERCHOVE et al, 2008;LUNA et al, 2009 1965;MACKESSY, 1991;SALOMÃO, 1991). Análise histoquímica da glândula acessória mostrou reação positiva para PAS e Alcian Blue mostrando a presença de mucopolissacarídeos neutros e ácidos respectivamente, e reação positiva para azul de bromofenol, mostrando a presença de proteínas (GENARO; CALLAHAN; LORINCZ, 1963;GANS, 1965GANS, , 1966KOCHVA, 1978 venenos analisados por eletroforese ou por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução.…”

Section: Bothrops Jararacaunclassified

“…A morfologia da glândula acessória da serpente Bothrops jararaca é muito semelhante a das demais serpentes Viperidae (GENNARO JR; CALLAHAN; LORINCZ, 1963;GANS, 1965GANS, , 1966RHOADES et al, 1967;MACKESSY, 1991). Alguns tipos de células da glândula acessória da serpente…”

Section: Glândula Acessóriaunclassified

“…CALLAHAN; LORINCZ, 1963;GANS, 1965;MACKESSY;BAXTER, 2006). Porém, estes trabalhos não relatam se o ducto primário foi excluído e isto poderia ser um dos motivos para estas controvérsias.…”

Section: Ducto Primáriounclassified

“…Porém, estes trabalhos não relatam se o ducto primário foi excluído e isto poderia ser um dos motivos para estas controvérsias. Além disso, foi visto também, que o ducto primário passa no interior da glândula acessória (KOCHVA, 1978, GANS;KOCHVA, 1965) e a secreção liberada por essa região do ducto primário poderia ser o motivo dos diferentes resultados obtidos por esses autores.…”

Section: Ducto Primáriounclassified

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Glândula acessória e ducto primário de serpente Bothrops jararaca durante o ciclo de produção de veneno: um estudo morfológico.

Sakai¹

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Section: Bothrops Jararacaunclassified

Section: Glândula Acessóriaunclassified

Section: Ducto Primáriounclassified

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Glândula acessória e ducto primário de serpente Bothrops jararaca durante o ciclo de produção de veneno: um estudo morfológico.

Sakai¹

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Fine structure of the venom gland epithelium of the south american rattlesnake and radioautographic studies of protein formation by the secretory cells

Warshawsky

Haddad²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 1973

Am. J. Anat.

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Ribeiriio P d t o , S.P., B r a d ABSTRACTThe South American rattlesnake venom gland is made up of secretory tubules lined by a simple columnar epithelium containing horizontal cells, mitochondria-rich cells, and the principal cell type, the columnar secretory cells. This cell has a round basal nucleus and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae of which are variably distended with flocculent material containing many dense intracisternal granules. The supranuclear Golgi apparatus is spherical, with stacks of flattened saccules at the periphery and large vacuoles containing masses of dense material, and other dense granules in the center. Similar but smaller granules are present at the apex where they fuse with the microvillus-covered apical membrane and release their content into the lumen. Protein synthesis was studied in snakes injected with 3H-tyrosine and sacrificed at several times after injection. Radioautographs showed reactions at one half and one hour over the ribosomes and membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. At two hours the immature face of the Golgi apparatus was labeled. At four hours Golgi saccules and vacuoles with dense masses (secretory granules) were labeled, and at eight hours the dense masses within the secretory granules were heavily labeled both in the Golgi region and in the apex near the lumen. Labeled material was found in the lumen at two days. Intracisternal granules were first labeled at eight hours, and by two days reactions remained only over the flocculent content and intracisternal granules of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, venom protein was synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, migrated through the Golgi apparatus and accumulated in the dense masses of the secretory granules, which moved to the apex and were extruded. The labeling of intracisternal granules at eight hours and two days after injection indicated a storage nature for these granules.The venom glands of snakes are modified salivary glands with several cell types in their secretory epithelium (Kochva and Gans, '64, '65, '66, '70; Odor and Gennaro, '60; Odor, '65). With the exception of the work of Odor ('65), and more recently of Kochva and Gans ('70) and , no systematic study of the fine structure of the venom glands was found. Also, no dynamic studies, using radioactive precursors and electron microscopic radioautography have followed the cellular events involved in venom synthesis and secretion.Most radioautographic work on protein formation has been done on small mammals such as rats and mice (Leblond, '65) because of their availability and ease of handling. Despite this, many other organisms have systems which lend themselves much better to studies of protein synthesis. Among these systems are the exocrine venom glands of poisonous snakes. These glands produce large quantities of proteins, some of which have been well characterized and shown to possess the harmful enzymatic or neurotoxic properties of the venom (Gosh and Sarkar, '56). In addi- WARSHAWSKY, HADDAD, GONCALVES,...

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Radioautographic and biochemical studies of secretion of venom protein in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus

Marchi

Haddad²,

Lucca³

1978

J. Exp. Zool.

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Protein secretion was investigated in the main venom gland of the South American rattlesnake, using radioautographic and biochemical techniques after a single intracardiac injection of L-(3,5-3H)tyrosine. All the snakes were injected at the fourth day of the secretory cycle and killed at 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after injection. Most of the radioactive amino acid is cleared from the blood stream up to four hours after injection. On the other hand the specific activity (c.p.m./mg of protein) of the intracellular proteins reaches a peak at the 4-hour time interval decreasing afterwards. There was a good correlation between the values of the specific activity of the intracellular proteins and those of the silver grain density over the secretory cells at the several time intervals after the injection of 3H-tyrosine. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out in light- and electron-microscope radioautographs led to the conclusion that venom proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory cells, transferred to the Golgi apparatus from where they are carried to the secretory tobule lumen by the secretion granules. The fact that the values of the relative concentration of the radioactivity of he intracisternal granules double at the last three time intervals, strongly suggests that these structures are formed by the aggregation of the amorphous material present inside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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THE VENOM GLAND OF <i>VIPERA PALAESTINAE </i>WITH COMMENTS ON THE GLANDS OF SOME OTHER VIPERINES

Cited by 37 publications

References 1 publication

Glândula acessória e ducto primário de serpente Bothrops jararaca durante o ciclo de produção de veneno: um estudo morfológico.

Glândula acessória e ducto primário de serpente Bothrops jararaca durante o ciclo de produção de veneno: um estudo morfológico.

Fine structure of the venom gland epithelium of the south american rattlesnake and radioautographic studies of protein formation by the secretory cells

Radioautographic and biochemical studies of secretion of venom protein in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus

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