The vegetation of the Simanjiro Plains, Northern Tanzania

Kahurananga, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1979.tb00459.x

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…TNP (2642 km 2 ) is located in Arusha Region, between 3140 0 S and 4135 0 S latitude and 35150 0 E and 36120 0 E longitude, at an average altitude of 1200 m. The topography is predominantly that of a gently undulating plateau; the main soil type is the dark red sandy clay loam of the semi-arid plains. Within the depression where the drainage is impeded there is black clay known as Black Cotton soil (Kahurananga 1979 shrubland, and open shrub with sparse trees; savannah with trees or shrubs; temporarily flooded herbaceous vegetation, shrubs or trees (water, nonpermanent); permanently flooded herbaceous vegetation (water, permanent); waterbodies, including lakes, streams and river banks; and urban areas, including rural villages which only amounted to 1.49 km 2 less than 0.01% of the study area. This habitat type was never used by elephants and excluded from the analyses ( Table 1).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: Implications for conservation

et al. 2006

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As migratory animals, sustainable management of African elephant populations, both within and around protected areas, is a major challenge in the conservation policy of many African countries. We captured seven female elephants, representative members of family groups, in different parts of Tarangire National Park (TNP), Tanzania, and used GPS satellite radio-tracking (November 1997-June 2000 to monitor their space and habitat use and seasonal migrations throughout wet and dry seasons. Patterns of home range overlap revealed the existence of two large clans that occupied the north-central and southern parts of TNP, respectively. At the end of the dry season, elephants from the southern clan migrated about 100 km southeast of the park boundary, those from the northern clan remained mostly inside the park, or used periodically wet-season core areas in the nearby Game Controlled Areas. No natural mortality occurred during the study, but two elephants were poached outside the park. Human disturbance also affected activity patterns, and elephants were less active at day outside than inside the park. Home range size varied from 477 to 1078 km 2 for the northern elephants, and from 1630 to 5060 km 2 for the southern elephants. Migration routes were characterised by higher cover (open and closed forest) than core areas. Our results indicate that elephant management must be considered across park boundaries and that migration corridors must be protected against human disturbance and land cultivation. Society problems linked to elephant conservation can be solved by creating alternative, sustainable, use of natural resources that enhance the livelihood of local communities.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: Implications for conservation

et al. 2006

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“…The Tarangire National Park (TNP; Figure 1), Tanzania, covers an area of about 2600 km 2 of grasslands, floodplains and gently rolling hills of wooded savannah (Lamprey 1963(Lamprey , 1964Kahurananga 1976Kahurananga , 1979. The mean elevation is about 1200 m. Peterson (1973) reported a mean rainfall of 0.53 m year À1 and a potential mean annual evaporation of about 2.5 m year À1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of wetlands in wildlife migration in the Tarangire ecosystem, Tanzania

Gereta

Meing’ataki

Mduma

et al. 2004

Wetlands Ecol Manage

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Twenty-two years of rainfall data from six sites, 5 years of animal migration data and 2 years of water quality at 13 sites were explored to quantify the role of water in the Tarangire ecosystem. Inter-annual fluctuations in rainfall were large and not predictable solely from the Southern Oscillation Index. Seasonal fluctuations of rainfall were pronounced, with marked wet and dry seasons. In the dry season, the only drinking water available for wildlife was the Tarangire River and a number of small, scattered wetland-fringed water holes. Their salinity was often high (>8 ppt) and was higher in dry years than in wet years, as well as at the start of the wet season. Water quantity and quality may control the annual migration of wildebeest, zebra, elephants and buffaloes. These animals aggregate in the dry season in areas with the least salty water. The timing of seasonal variations in rainfall is largely predictable and controls annual migration. All wildebeest and most zebras migrated out of Tarangire National Park and into the wider Tarangire ecosystem at the start of the wet season, and they returned into the park in the dry season. Some elephants and buffaloes also migrated in out of the park and a larger resident population remained, whose size may vary inter-annually depending on surface water quantity and quality. The extent of the migration zone may also vary inter-annually.

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“…These villages have similar land use (i.e., both small and large crop farms), cultivated crops (mostly maize and beans), and human population densities (\17 inhabitants km 2 ) (National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania 2006). The dominant vegetation type is open savanna (Kahurananga 1979). …”

Section: Study Area Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smallholder Farms as Stepping Stone Corridors for Crop-Raiding Elephant in Northern Tanzania: Integration of Bayesian Expert System and Network Simulator

Pittiglio

Skidmore

Gils

et al. 2013

AMBIO

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Crop-raiding elephants affect local livelihoods, undermining conservation efforts. Yet, crop-raiding patterns are poorly understood, making prediction and protection difficult. We hypothesized that raiding elephants use corridors between daytime refuges and farmland. Elephant counts, crop-raiding records, household surveys, Bayesian expert system, and least-cost path simulation were used to predict four alternative categories of daily corridors: (1) footpaths, (2) dry river beds, (3) stepping stones along scattered small farms, and (4) trajectories of shortest distance to refuges. The corridor alignments were compared in terms of their minimum cumulative resistance to elephant movement and related to crop-raiding zones quantified by a kernel density function. The ''stepping stone'' corridors predicted the crop-raiding patterns. Elephant presence was confirmed along these corridors, demonstrating that small farms located between refuges and contiguous farmland increase habitat connectivity for elephant. Our analysis successfully predicted elephant occurrence in farmland where daytime counts failed to detect nocturnal presence. These results have conservation management implications.

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The vegetation of the Simanjiro Plains, Northern Tanzania

Cited by 22 publications

References 8 publications

Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: Implications for conservation

Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: Implications for conservation

The role of wetlands in wildlife migration in the Tarangire ecosystem, Tanzania

Smallholder Farms as Stepping Stone Corridors for Crop-Raiding Elephant in Northern Tanzania: Integration of Bayesian Expert System and Network Simulator

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