The vegetation of Europe, its conditions and causes

Henfrey, Arthur

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.152380

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Phytogeography along ecological lines laid down by Humboldt (Egerton 2009 b ) and Augustin‐Pyramus de Candolle (Egerton 2010:26–29) continued throughout the 1800s (Pritzel 1871–1877:458–462, Nicolson 1996) and can be seen in such treatises as Joakim F. Schouw's Grundtraek til en almindelig Plantgeographie (1822, German, 1823), Franz Meyen's Grundriss der Pflanzengeographie (1836, English 1846, English 1977), Arthur Henfrey's Vegetation of Europe, Its Conditions and Causes (1852, 1977), and Alphonse de Candolle's Géographie botanique raisonée (1855) (Reed 1942:128–129). German botanists led the way, with Russian botanists following a parallel, rather independent, course (Becking 1957:417–419).…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 48: Formalizing Plant Ecology, about 1870 to mid‐1920s

Egerton¹

2013

Bulletin Ecologic Soc America

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A German zoologist, Ernst Haeckel, coined and defined a new branch of biology, "Oekologie," in 1866 (Egerton 2013). In the later 1800s, four ecological sciences emerged: (terrestrial) plant ecology, (terrestrial) animal ecology, limnology, and marine biology. Plant ecology evolved out of phytogeography and physiology (Billings 1985:5-6), to which was added during the 1890s investigations of plant communities and vegetation succession. Physiology was important, but played a relatively passive role: its significance often depending on how well phytogeographers understood it. European botanists and publications led the way. Phytopathology during the 1800s is discussed in part 44 (Egerton 2012) and omitted here. States (1999:225-339). The history of aquatic plant ecology is part of limnology and marine ecology and will be discussed in parts 50 and 51. The ecology of lichens is deferred to part 52 on the history of symbiosis studies. After these exclusions, the remaining plant ecology, about 1870 to mid-1920s, is still vast in scope and detail, and surveys by Becking (1957), Whittaker (1962), Shimwell (1972), Tobey (1981, Nicolson (1989Nicolson ( , 1996, and Cittadino (1990) provide introductions to additional developments and literature. Pflanzengeographie (1836, English 1846, Arthur Henfrey's Vegetation of Europe, Its Conditions and Causes (1852, 1977), and Alphonse de Candolle's Géographie botanique raisonée (1855) (Reed 1942:128-129). German botanists led the way, with Russian botanists following a parallel, rather independent, course (Becking 1957:417-419 October 2013 341 ContributionsAn Austrian, Anton Kerner von Marilaün (1831-1898), studied medicine at the University of Vienna, but soon gave up his practice to become a botanist (Kronfeld 1908, Stafleu and Cowan 1976, II:525-530, Nicolson 1996, who was strongly influenced by Humboldt (Cittadino 1990:119). He became a professor at Budapest, then Innsbruck, and finally in Vienna. While in Hungary he had collected plants in botanically little-known eastern Hungary and Transylvania and published Das Pflanzenleben der Danaulaender (1863). Its American translator claimed that this book "is the immediate and direct parent of all later works on Plant Ecology" (Conard 1951:vii). Is this translator merely hyping a work he has translated or is there some validity to his claim? R. J. Goodland (1975:241) reserved that "parental honor" for Warming (1995). Dwight Billings (1985:5) and Malcolm Nicolson (1996:304-305) agreed with Conard. Clearly, Kerner's Plant Life of the Danube Basin is a good landmark with which to begin this history.Kerner complained that a copious literature on plant physiognomy had developed without a standard terminology to describe scientifically all native plant formations. For example (Kerner 1951(Kerner :5-6, 1977: Whereas Humboldt considers the north German heather-covered coastal plains as steppes, and Koch applies that name to a formation composed of high sod-forming grasses, and Willkomm restricts the term to formations on saline soils ...

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Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 48: Formalizing Plant Ecology, about 1870 to mid‐1920s

Egerton¹

2013

Bulletin Ecologic Soc America

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“…Now quite early on in the period, disjunct distributions, especially of northern or arctic plants reappearing on more southern mountain ranges in Europe, had been reported and confirmed (e.g. Watson, 1832;Henfrey, 1852;de Candolle, 1855). More spectacular ones included the tapirs in tropical America and South-East Asia, the marsupials in the New World and Australasia, the Camelidae in the centre of the Old World and the Andes, the great apes in Africa and the Sunda Islands.…”

Section: Centres Of Creationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Islands and evolution: theory and opinion in Darwin's earlier years

Cain

1984

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Islands were not of special interest to evolutionists before Darwin. It was he who first appreciated their importance for demonstrating evolution in miniature. They were not of special interest because: (a) their peculiar products seemed no more peculiar than those of continents; (b) there was no special category of oceanic islands, but a continuum from such groups as the Canaries, Madeiras and Galápagos through New Zealand and Madagascar to Australia, Britain, and true continents; and (c) the concept of adaptive radiation, if known at all, was applied only to the higher levels of classification, and then very feebly. When Darwin was young, classification at the lower levels hardly recognized convergence, and at the higher levels was subject to great changes, while only slowly separating out the major groups. In consequence, many of the facts of geographical distribution were misinterpreted, and numerous theories of the origination of species, groups, and biogeographical provinces were still plausible. It was largely the need for a historical, not ecological, explanation of the distribution of some mammals and plants, plus what he saw for himself in the Galápagos Islands, that convinced Darwin that evolution had occurred. His was a remarkable achievement in recognizing through all this ‘noise’ the meaning of adaptive radiation.

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“…His popular books focused upon introducing European botany to the British. His Vegetation of Europe, its Conditions and Causes () can be seen as in that tradition. The vegetation map in my reproduction of his book (1977) is faint, but the original was more legible.…”

Section: Europeansmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 61B: Terrestrial Biogeography and Paleobiogeography, 1840s–1940s

Egerton

2018

Bulletin Ecologic Soc America

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The vegetation of Europe, its conditions and causes

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 48: Formalizing Plant Ecology, about 1870 to mid‐1920s

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 48: Formalizing Plant Ecology, about 1870 to mid‐1920s

Islands and evolution: theory and opinion in Darwin's earlier years

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 61B: Terrestrial Biogeography and Paleobiogeography, 1840s–1940s

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